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The 7 signs of life
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Animal and plant cells
Here is a picture of a plant
cell and an animal cell.
Cells are the smallest
units of life.
Some cells can exist on
their own, whilst others
are found in groups.
Humans are a collection of
many billions of cells, all
working together.
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7A What is a cell?
While some cells do look different, all cells have
three basic features.
nucleus
cytoplasm
cell
membrane
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The Cell - a living factory!
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Role Check
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7A Do all cells look the same?
Most cells have three basic parts.
nucleus
cytoplasm
cell membrane
But cells can be different shapes and sizes and also
have different functions. This is because they are…
specialised
The shape of a cell is related to its function.
Where do you see this idea in sport?
CLUE: World Cup!
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7A Specialised rugby players
Why are the players in a rugby union team different shapes
and sizes?
Rugby players are different
shapes and sizes because
they do different jobs for
the team.
Like rugby players,
cells are different shapes
and sizes because they
perform different jobs.
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Whose cell is it anyway?
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Plant cells
Therefore, if plants and animals are different shapes, they
must be made of different shaped cells. Let’s have a look at
the shape of a basic plant cell.
Cell
However,
Apart from
here
theis
Membrane
Vacuole
how
shape,
the plant
the cell
cell
(contains cell
looks
differs
very
from
similar
the
sap)
to an
animal
animal
cell.
cell.
Cytoplasm
Chloroplast
(contains
chlorophyll)
Cell Wall
Nucleus
Starch Grains
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Animal, plant or both?
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Cell shapes
Now that we know what the basic structure of a plant and
animal cell is, we can begin looking at the bigger picture.
Cells are not flat…..
…they are usually three-dimensional
The 3D shape of the cell
will be determined by its
location in the body and
the job it does.
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Bring it to life!
You can make your own 3D cell using the following equipment.
• Plastic bag
• Cellulose paste
• Cardboard box
You will need to find
some small objects to
suspend in the cellulose
paste. These will
represent the internal
structures of the cell.
Try to make a model of both the plant and animal cell. Then label
these and display them.
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Cell-play
A great way to visualize how a cell functions, is to become one!
You can get people to stand in a circle, holding hands to represent
a cell membrane.
Then, get other people to be the nucleus and so on. If you are
feeling adventurous, you can even dress up to represent the job of
that part of the cell.
Make sure you have a cell membrane and a nucleus as a
minimum. Then you can choose from the list and role-play cell
activity.
• Cell Membrane
• Glucose
• Nucleus
• Starch
• Cell Wall
• Chloroplast
• Vacuole
• Light
• Water
• Waste Material
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From Cell to Organism
As we know, all life is built of cells. The way we look is the result of
the types of cell we are made of and the way those cells are
organised.
For example, if we look at the cells of the plant and animal, it is no
surprise that plants and animals look different…
Plant
Animal
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Animal and Plant Cells
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How is the body organised?
To help us understand this, think of how a school is organised.
A school needs to be very organised. Every pupil in
the school needs to know where they should be and
what they are doing. However...
Not all pupils study the same subjects.
Not all pupils can work together efficiently.
There is not room for all the pupils to be in the same place.
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How is the body organised?
Therefore, a school uses the following system.
One pupil
Registration groups
Subject classes
A year group
A school
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How is the body organised?
This hierarchy of organisation is also found in living organisms.
Each specific cell
Is grouped with cells similar in
structure and function.
We call this a tissue.
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Examples of Tissues
Animal Tissues
Plant Tissues
Muscle
Mesophyll
Bone
Phloem
Liver
Xylem
Skin
Lung
Can you think of any more types of tissue?
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How is the body organised?
CELL
Different tissues link
together to carry out
a certain job.
Together, they
are known as
an….
TISSUE
ORGAN
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How is the body organised?
Next, different organs are linked together by tubes/ vessels…..
Organ 1
Organ 3
AnToorgan
system
become..
Organ 2
Organ 4
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How is the body organised?
The body is then made up of different organ systems working
together to carry out all the functions of a living organism.
In summary...
Cell
Pupil
Tissue
Registration groups
Organ
Subject Classes
Organ system
Year
Organism
School
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How is the body organised?
Well, it allows complex organisms to carry out many
different jobs at the same time.
For example Grow
Respond to
Why are living organisms organised like things
this?
Reproduce
Respire
Excrete
It also means our bodies don’t waste energy!
They are more efficient.
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Activity 11 – Organs
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Where do cells come from?
Think of the following situations…..
REPRODUCTION...
REPAIR...
GROWTH...
Your
body
can
make
sex
cells.
In
humans,
You
your
finger.
The
wound
eventually
Yourcut
body
loses
cells
and
cells is
are
these
cells
theHowever,
sperm
and
egg.
These
healed
and are
weeks
later
you
can’t
even
see
constantly
dying.
your
skin
never
cells
contain
the
same
genetic
information
where
the cut
used
todon’t
be.
disappears
and
you
get smaller.
that can be found in other body cells.
This is because you are constantly producing new cells and
these new cells are produced from your existing cells.
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Where do cells come from?
You will have seen that our bodies produce cells for
three main reasons:
REPAIR
REPRODUCTION
GROWTH
New cells are produced from old cells dividing.
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Where do cells come from?
Q. Can you think of a problem if
one cell splits to produce two cells?
A. The two new cells would be smaller than the original cell.
Therefore, a cell needs to make new copies of the material
inside itself as well as the membrane and nucleus.
Just before a cell divides, it will appear to grow slightly as it
reproduces everything inside itself.
The nucleus must also divide into two equal halves.
This only occurs once the nucleus has doubled from its
original size.
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Where do cells come from?
Cell division occurs extremely quickly
and can happen over and over again.
Produce an enormous number of
Grow
quickly
Repair
This is cuts
how and
it is
replace
possible
dead
for
the
cells
body
quickly.
to ...
reproductive
cells.
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Cell Division
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Activity – animal cell
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Activity – plant cell
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Summary
Drag the words into the correct
places in the sentences.
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Multiple choice
questions
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Look at the diagram below.
X
V
Y
Z
1. What is V?
A
Nucleus
B
Glycogen granules
C
Starch grains
D
Chloroplast
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Look at the diagram below.
X
V
Y
Z
2. What is X?
A
Nucleus
B
Cytoplasm
C
Cell Membrane
D
Cell wall
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Look at the diagram below.
X
V
Y
Z
3. What is Y?
A
Nucleus
B
Cytoplasm
C
Cell wall
D
Chloroplast
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Look at the diagram below.
X
V
Y
Z
4. What is Z?
A
Cell membrane
B
Vacuole
C
Cytoplasm
D
Nucleus
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5. Which of the following descriptions represents the
function of the membrane?
A
It is a jelly-like substance in which most of the
chemical reactions take place.
B
It controls the movement of substances into and
out of the cell.
C It is the site of photosynthesis.
D It controls the activities of the cell .
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6. Which of the following descriptions represents the
function of the nucleus?
A It is a jelly-like substance in which most of the
chemical reactions take place.
B It controls the movement of substances into and
out of the cell.
C It is the site of photosynthesis.
D It controls the activities of the cell.
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7. Which of the following descriptions represents the
function of the cytoplasm?
A
It is a jelly-like substance in which most of the
chemical reactions take place.
B
It controls the movement of substances into and out of
the cell.
C
It is the site of photosynthesis.
D
It controls the activities of the cell.
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Look at the diagram below.
M
N
O
P
R
Q
8. What is M?
A
Cell membrane
B
Cytoplasm
C
Cell coat
D
Cell wall
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Look at the diagram below.
M
N
O
P
R
Q
9. What is N?
A
Cytoplasm
B
Vacuole
C
Cell membrane
D
Starch grain
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Look at the diagram below.
M
N
O
P
R
Q
10. What is O?
A
Nucleus
B
Starch grain
C
Glycogen granule
D
Chloroplast
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Look at the diagram below.
M
N
O
P
R
Q
11. What is P?
A Nucleus
B Starch grain
C Glycogen granule
D Chloroplast
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Look at the diagram below.
M
N
O
P
R
Q
12. What is Q?
A Cytoplasm
B Vacuole
C Nucleus
D Chloroplast
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Look at the diagram below.
M
N
O
P
R
Q
13. What is R?
A Cell wall
B Vacuole lining
C Cell membrane
D Cell coat
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14. Which of the following descriptions represents
the function of the chloroplast?
A
storage site
B
site of photosynthesis
C
site of reproduction
D
site of excretion
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15. Which of the following types of tissue is capable
of contracting and causing movement?
A
glandular tissue
B
liver tissue
C
muscle tissue
D
brain tissue
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16. Which of the following types of tissue is capable
of making useful substances (e.g. enzymes)?
A
glandular tissue
B
liver tissue
C
muscle tissue
D
brain tissue
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17. Which of the following describes a group of
cells of the same type all doing the same job?
A
cell
B
organ
C
organ system
D
tissue
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18. Which of the following describes a group of tissues
working together to do the same job?
A
cell
B
organ
C
organ system
D
tissue
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19. Which of the following describes a group of organs
of the same type all doing the same job?
A
cell
B
organ
C
organ system
D
tissue
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