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Exploring the Universe of
Macromolecules!!!!
Nucleic
acids
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Composed (made) of the elements
carbon --C
hydrogen --- H
oxygen --- O
Functions of carbohydrates
• Provides energy (key fuel of cells)
• Energy storage (starch and
glycogen)
• Make up cell walls of plants
(cellulose)
The Basic Building Block of
Carbohydrates
• The simplest type of carbohydrate is a simple
sugar called a monosaccharide.
Contains ONE sugar molecule.
• Examples are glucose
glucose
and fructose)
Di means…..two
SO a Disaccharide is two simple sugars
like fructose or glucose hooked together
Ahhh…what
a sweet fact!
Disaccharide: sucrose
sugar cane (60%) and sugar beets (40%)
Relative Sweetness of
Sugars:
Sucrose (100)
Glucose (70)
Fructose (170)
Poly means….MANY
• The largest carbohydrate molecules are
polysaccharides, polymers composed of many
monosaccharide subunits. (Food ex:. potatoes, liver)
What are some polysaccharides??
Starch
Food storage in plants
Cellulose
Makes up the
cell walls of
plants and
provides
support for the
plant.
Glycogen
• Glycogen is the storage form of glucose
in animals, similar to starch in plants.
• It is mainly found in the liver and muscles
Lipids
• made mostly of carbon and
hydrogen with a small amount of
Water
oxygen. (ie. fats, oils, waxes)
and oil
refuse
to get
along!
Types of lipids
• Triglycerides-- fats and oils -(made of glycerol and 3 fatty acids)
• Phospholipids)—cell membrane-(made of glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and 1
phosphate group
• Steroids—cholesterol and hormones
(has no fatty acids)
• Wax (fatty acid and an alcohol group)
The Building Blocks of LIPIDS
Glycerol
-
Fatty acids 
Saturated
fats…come
from
animals
[have single
bonds]
(more
fattening)
20
Unsaturated fats…come from
plants and have double and triple
bonds
Functions of Lipids
• Store energy (highest calorie values
per weight)
• Insulation
• Make up the cell membrane
• Chemical messengers (steroid
hormomes like testosterone and
estrogen)
• Barrier for water
Foods containing Lipids
The structure of proteins
• A protein is a large, complex
polymer composed of carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and
sometimes sulfur.
Protein functions
• Make up cell structures
• Enzymes (speed up the rate of
chemical reactions in the cell)
• Hormones (insulin-needed for
cells to absorb glucose)
• Transport oxygen
(hemoglobin)
The structure of proteins
• The basic building blocks of
proteins are called amino acids.
• There are about 20 common amino
acids that can make literally
thousands of proteins.
The structure of proteins
• Peptide bonds are covalent bonds
formed between amino acids that hold
them together.
SO a protein is just like a pearl
necklace…..a lot of amino acids hooked
together to make a protein
Peptide bonds
AA
AA
AA
AA
• 2 peptides is called a dipeptide
• 3-9 peptides is called a polypeptide
• Many amino acids with lots of folding
is called a protein
Eggs
Chicken
Steak
Fish
How many types of amino acids
are there in living things?
• There are about 20 common amino
acids that can make literally
thousands of proteins.
What is the function of an
enzyme?
• Enzymes (which are proteins)
speed up the rate of chemical
reactions in the cell.
What are Nucleic Acids??
Nucleic acids contain the elements
C, H, O, N, and Phosphorus
Function of nucleic acids
• Store hereditary information
• Store information needed to make
proteins
What are they made of ????
Nucleic acids are made of
NUCLEOTIDES
Sugar
The two most important types of
nucleic acids are:
• DNA or RNA….the molecules that
have our inherited information
Review
• 1. What are the 4 types of
macromolecules?
• 2. Meat would be an example of what
type(s)?
• 3. Potatoes would be an example of what
type?
Review continued
• 4. Cooking oil would be an example of
what type?
• 5. RNA and DNA are examples of what
type?
• 6. What are the main elements that
compose these organic macromolecules?
• 7. Which contains mostly hydrogen (H)
and carbon ( C ) with a little oxygen ( O )?
• 8. Which contains C , H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio?
• 9. Which also contains nitrogen (N)?
• 10. Which also contains phosphorus (P)?