Download Honors Anatomy, Chapter 3 Cells and Tissues Part 1: Cells Anatomy

Honors Anatomy, Chapter 3
Cells and Tissues
Part 1: Cells
Anatomy of a Generalized cell
Intro
1. Draw a cell diagram including and labeling the three major cell regions
(nucleus, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane).
The Nucleus
Intro
2. Describe the functions of the three parts of the cell nucleus.
Nuclear Membrane
_______________________________ protects DNA
Large ___________allow RNA and proteins to leave
Nucleoli
Distinct grains
Where _______________________________________
Chromatin
________________ form of DNA with attached _____________
Carries genes being ____________________________________
3. Distinguish chromatin and chromosome.
_________________
Fuzzy, spread out DNA
______________ during interphase
____________________
______________________ DNA
Packed in rods for ______________________________
The Plasma Membrane
Intro
4. How is the structure of the plasma membrane suited to its functions.
Lipid bilayer
Made of ______________________________________
Separates solutions inside and outside
Cytoplasm inside
________________________ between the cells
Embedded proteins
__________________
Allow some substances to pass
_________________________ for chemical signals
________ cells together in ___________________
Specializations of the Plasma Membrane
Ch. 3 Pt. 1 -1
5. Identify functions of the major specializations of the plasma
membrane in relation to their structures.
_____________________
Finger-like projections
Provide more __________________ for transport
Membrane junctions
_________________________
Heavily reinforced with fibers
Resist ______________________ forces
Tight junctions
_________________ connections between cells
Prevent _______________ from going between
_______________________
Tubes that connect adjacent cytoplasms
Allow ____________________________ to pass
The Cytoplasm
Intro
6. Describe functions of the cytoplasm.
Bathes organelles, allows _______________________ between
Site of __________________________
Food molecules broken down
Proteins assembled on _________________________
_____________________: inclusions as crystals or droplets
Cytoplasmic Organelles
Intro
7. Distinguish the structures and functions of the common cytoplasmic
organelles.
Ribosomes
Grains made of __________________________________
Hold __________, line up amino acids, make peptide bonds
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Membrane system
Transports; makes __________________ and proteins; storage
Golgi Apparatus
Stacks of membranes
Accepts membranes and contents from ER; ________________;
__________________________________
Lysosomes
Sacs containing ________________________________
Breaks down food in food vacuoles; _________ cell components
Peroxisomes
Sacs with ____________________ enzymes
Dispose of highly reactive substances
Mitochondria
Double membrane
Transfer ____________ stored in food molecules to _______
Cytoskeleton
___________ microtubules and _____________ microfilaments
Ch. 3 Pt. 1 -2
______________ the cell, allows it to move and change shape
Centrioles
Pairs of _____________________
Helps organize the cytoskeleton, especially during cytokinesis
Comparing Cells
8. What do all cells have in common?
Plasma membrane to keep thins in and out and allow transport
_____________________ for reaction medium and metabolism
DNA to carry ___________________________ to make proteins
Ribosomes to make ___________________
9. How do animals cells specialize?
Use a lot of ______________  more ________________________
_________________________  more ___________________
Generate more ______________  more ___________________ fibers
_________________ a lot of proteins  more ER and ____________
________________ a lot  more _____________________
Cell Physiology
Membrane Transport
Intro
10. Distinguish passive and active transport.
_____________________
Movement from ____________________ concentration
Movement by the _____________ motion of molecules
_______________________ use cellular energy
Examples: glucose, osmosis, O2, CO2, H+ in mitochondria
Active
Movement from ___________ to greater concentration
Use _____________________________, often from ATP
Examples: Na+, K+, phagocytosis
Passive Transport Processes: Diffusion and Filtration
Intro
11. How do cells change size in solutions of different
concentrations?
Low concentration = ___________________ solution
More water outside
Cell _____________________
High concentration = ____________________
Less water outside
Water diffuses out, cell ____________________
Equal concentrations inside and outside = ___________
Water equal
Cell _______________________________
12. Distinguish filtration from diffusion.
Diffusion
___________________ move by their random motion
Ex.: ____ moving from the ________________________
Filtration
Fluids and solutes ___________________ by pressure
Ch. 3 Pt. 1 -3
Ex. from blood to tubule in the kidney
Active Transport Processes
Intro
13. How does solute pumping differ from bulk transport?
Solute Pumping
Active transport through a _______________________
Uses a transport protein or solute pump
Bulk Transport
Transport into or out of a cytoplasmic __________
Examples
____________________: out of the cell; wastes
Endocytosis: into the cell; food molecules
Cell Division
Intro
14. What happens during the most important stages of the cell cycle?
_____________________: growth and metabolism
DNA replication
In the middle of interphase
_______ of the DNA are produced for the daughter cells
Cell division
__________________: division of the _______________
__________________: division of the cytoplasm
Preparations: DNA Replication
15. Describe DNA structure.
Two _________________ strands twisted into a ____________
Sides (backbone) held together by alternating
____________________________________________________
In opposite orientation = _______________________
AT and GC pairs fit in the ________________
___________________ held together by hydrogen bonds
16. Predict the sequence of a complementary strand of DNA.
First strand:
GTGACTGAAC
Opposite strand:
_______________
17. How do cells precisely copy their DNA?
Complementary DNA strands __________________
Nucleotide ______________ line up
Adenine (A) pairs with ____________________ (T)
__________________ (G) pairs with cytosine (C)
DNA _______________________ attaches nucleotides together
Events of Cell Division
Intro
13. Describe the major events of cell division.
Mitosis
____________________
Chromosomes _____________________
Nuclear membrane is disassembled
_____________________
Chromosomes _________________ across the cell
Ch. 3 Pt. 1 -4
= two sister chromatids attached by the centromere
Anaphase
_____________________ split
Sister chromatids _______________ to opposite poles
_____________________: new ________________ form
Cytokinesis
Cleavage furrow ________________ cytoplasm in half
Protein Synthesis
Genes: The Blueprint for Protein Structure
19. Define gene.
DNA segment carrying the instructions to make a ____________
20. How do genes determine traits?
______________ proteins are major building blocks of cells
Globular proteins serve as __________________ and receptors
21. How does DNA carry the information?
Order of __________ determines order of ________________
Each 3 bases signifies an amino acid = the genetic code
Each 3-base code word is a _______________
The Role of RNA
22. How is RNA used to express the information stored in DNA?
__________ = messenger; copy of a gene
tRNA = ___________________
Carries a specific _________________ on one end
Has a specific 3-base ______________ at the other end
rRNA = ribosomal; most of the ribosome structure
23. Order the steps of making a protein in an animal cell.
mRNA is made on a DNA template = ______________________
_______ leaves the nucleus and attaches to a ribosome
tRNA anticodon “recognizes” complementary mRNA codon
tRNA-attached amino acid added to the growing chain
tRNA into cytoplasm; recharged with another amino a.
Ribosome _________________ mRNA adding more amino acids
Cancer
24. Provide a general definition of cancer.
Uncontrolled _______________________ that may spread throughout the body
25. Differentiate benign and malignant tumors.
Benign
A __________________, encapsulated, ________-growing mass
Rarely kill unless they compress organs
Malignant
_________-growing, non-encapsulated mass
Cells _____________________, travel in bloodstream = metastasis
26. Rate the causes of cancer.
_____________________ 30-35%
______________________ 25-30%
_____________________ 15-20%
______________________ 10%
______________________ 5-10%
Ch. 3 Pt. 1 -5