Download Human Anatomy and Physiology 3rd Nine Weeks Study Guide

Human Anatomy and Physiology 3rd Nine Weeks Study Guide
Muscles
Visceral…
found in the stomach or the blood vessels…blood vessels specifically have multi-unit smooth
tissue – these are all involuntary
Smooth muscle has rhythmicity…they contract in a pattern called peristalsis
found in heart…striated…involuntary
Intercalated disks allow impulses to transmit faster…keep heart pumping as needed
Skeletal
allows movement through muscle contraction- must have an nerve impulse to start
contraction (ATP supplies the energy but much energy for a muscle fiber is stored as creatine
phosphate then released as ATP when needed… creatine phosphokinase catalyzes the
formation of creatine phosphate)
Fascicle…
group or bundle of skeletal muscle fibers
Tendon…
connects muscles to bones
Ligamnent… connects bones together at joints
Cardiac
Muscle contraction info:
Sarcolemma…fiber cell membrane (this is where impulses are sent and spread across muscle)
Sarcoplasmic reticulum…
acts like muscle fiber ER…enlarged parts are called cisternae
Myosin…
part of the main force of contraction (occurs when actin forms a chemical complex
with myosin) ( actin also is associated with troponon and tropomyosin) (Calcium ions
bind with tropomyosin to open the actin so the myosin can bridge to it and start the
“pulling action) (O2 is needed to sustain contraction- cellular respiration…when
blood supply is low, myoglobin provides O2 or lactate will build up causing
cramps…remember lactic acid cycle?)
Threshold … minimum stimulus needed to cause a contraction
Twitch…
A single contraction of a muscle
Summation… Additional stimulation arriving before the effect of the previous stimulation subsides
Synergists… muscles that act together to cause the same movements
Tissues
Aponeurosis…
large broad sheet of connective tissue, such as on the abdomen
Endomysium…
membrane that is the closest to the individual muscle fiber
Nerves
Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system work together… have 3 functions which include
integrative, sensory, and motor
Somatic effectors… consciously controlled peripheral nervous system category controls skeletal muscle. ..
examples include: raising your eyelids, smiling, speech, and raising your arms
Autonomic Sympathetic response….example PNS eyelid “squenching”
Myoneural Junction…gap between the muscle and a nerve
Motor unit …
combination of the neuron and the muscle fiber it associates wit
Acteylcholine…
main neurotransmitter (for muscle contraction and nerve impulse) Other
neurotransmitters include monoamines, some amino acids, and many neuropeptides
Excitatory transmitters increase postsynaptic membrane permeability to Na
Neuron…
made of cell body and axonchromatophillic substance… in neurons…function like Rough ER in other cells
Myelin…
lipid protein base used to form protective layers around axons.
Neurilemma…
lets axons of peripheral nerves regenerate…CNS don’t have
Other
Anesthetic drugs prevent sensations of touch and pain by making membranes less permeable to Na ions
preventing impulses from passing through the affected region.
How many oligodendricytes, axons, blood vessels,