Download The Atom and the Ion

The Atom and the Ion
The number of well known elements till now is 112
Those elements can be classified – according to their properties and electronic
structure into metals, nonmetals and noble gases.
Metals:
Metals are solids (except for mercury which is a liquid) having luster.
They are good conductors to heat and electricity, malleable and ductile,
containing 1, 2 or 3 electrons in their outer electron shells.
During a chemical reaction, atoms of the metals are likely to grant
Their outer electrons to other atoms of different elements, by this, the metallic
atom (give) are changed into a positive ion with equivalent number of positive
charges to the given electrons.
Examples: 11Na23
11Na
12Mg
24
13Al
27
23
loosing an electron
+11
+
+-12
Na
+11
+-12
2
8
1
2
Neutral atom ( 11 e , 11 p , 12 n )
12Mg
8
positive ion ( 10 e , 11 p , 12 n )
24
loosing 2 electrons
+12
+11
+2 +-12
Mg
12
+12
2
8
2
2
Neutral atom ( 12 e , 12 p , 12 n )
13Al
8
positive ion ( 10 e , 12 p , 12 n )
27
loosing 3electrons
+11
Al+3
13
+-14
2
8
Neutral atom ( 13e , 13 p , 14 n )
2
+13
+-14
2
8
positive ion ( 10 e , 13 p , 14 n )
A positive ion: is an atom lost an electron or more during the chemical reaction.
Nonmetals
Some of nonmetals are solids, others are gases and only there is one
liquid element which is bromine. They have no luster, not malleable
or ductile (brittle), they are bad conductors to heat and electricity,
except graphite which is good conductor to electricity.
Most of nonmetals contain 5,6 or 7 electrons in their outer shells.
Nonmetals atoms are likely to gain electrons from other atoms to fill
their outer electron shells and therefore chances into negative ions in
with the number of negative charges equal the number of electrons
gained.
Ex 17Cl35 , 8O16 , 7N14
17Cl
35
gain an electron
Cl-
+117
+17
+-18
+-18
2
8
7
2
Neutral atom ( 17e , 17 p , 18 n )
8
positive ion ( 18 e , 17 p , 18 n )
16
8O
gain 2 electrons
+8
O-2
+8
11
+-8
+-8
2
8
Neutral atom ( 8 e , 8 p , 8 n )
2
8
positive ion ( 10 e , 8 p , 8 n )
14
7N
gain 3 electrons
+
+7
7
-3
N
+- 7
2
Neutral atom ( 7e , 7 p , 7 n )
8
8
+-7
2
8
positive ion ( 10 e , 7 p , 7 n )
A negative ion is an atom gain an electron or more during the
chemical reaction
Ionic bond: is a bond resulting from the electric
attraction between a positive ion and a negative ion
11Na
23
loosing an electron
+11
+11
Na+
+-12
+-12
2
17Cl
8
1
2
35
8
Cl-
gain an electron
+11
+17
+-18
+-18
2
8
7
2
8
8
*
Na
*
+** Cl *
Na+ Cl- ( Na Cl ) sodium chloride
**
Mg ** +** O* *
Mg++ O-- ( Mg O ) Magnesium Oxide
**
The ion is an atom that ( gives or gains ) one electron or more
Covalent bond: is a bond occurred among nonmetals through the
participation of each atom with the same number of electrons filling its outer
electron shell
Types of covalent bonds
1- Single covalent bond: in where each atom shares the other atom with one
electron (-)
2- double covalent bond: in where each atom shares the other atom with two
electrons (=)
3- triple covalent bond: in where each atom shares the other atom with three
electrons ( ≡ )
1
1H
1
1H
+
+
+
H2
+
+
H-H ( H2 )
+
O=O ( O2 )
+
N≡N (N2 )