Download Anatomy Memorization: Chapter 1

Anatomy/Physiology: Chapters 3
Vocab for these chapters may seem long but all should be REVIEW words from BIO I
and CHEM. Concentrate extensively on words you are unfamiliar with.
Cell
Cytology
Interstitial fluid
Cytoplasm
Hydrophilic
Phospholipid bilayer
Membrane carbohydrates
Passive processes
Diffusion
Osmosis
Osmotic Pressure
Hypotonic
Hemolysis
Filtration
Facilitated diffusion
Exchange pumps
Endocytosis
Pseudopodia
Cytosol
Cytoskeleton
Actin
Microtubules
Microvilli
Cilia
Ribosome
SER
Golgi Apparatus
Peroxisomes
Mitochondria
Nuclear pores
Chromosomes
Genetic code
Protein synthesis
Codon
Anticodon
tRNA
Mitosis
Meiosis
Apoptosis
Cytokinesis
Chromatids
Cell theory
Extracellular fluid
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Hydrophobic
Membrane proteins
Permeability
Active processes
Concentration gradient
Solutes
Isotonic
Hypertonic
Crenation
Carrier-mediated transport
Ion pumps
Vesicular transport
Phagocytosis
Exocytosis
Organelle
Microfilaments
Myosin
Tubulin
Centriole
Flagella
ER
RER
Lysosomes
Free radicals
Aerobic metabolism
Nucleoli
Chromatin
Gene
Transcription
Translation
mRNA
Cell division
Somatic cell
Interphase
DNA replication
Prophase
Centromere
1
Spindle Fibers
Metaphase Plate
Daughter chromosomes
Tumor
Malignant tumor
Cancer
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Benign tumor
Metastasis
Differentiation
Anatomy Memorization: Chapters 3
Again, this may seem extensive, however, all of the figures and/or tables are review from
CHEM and BIO I. Concentrate extensively on those your need to review or are
unfamiliar with.
Table 2-1 page 30 (know 1st 6, they make up 99% of all elements in human body)
Figure 2-2 page 31 (know how to draw an atom with its electron shells)
Figure 2-9 page 39 (know that 7 is neutral and above is basic while below is acidic)
Figure 2-18 page 47 (understand enzyme structure and function)
Figure 2-19 page 48 (understand DNA structure and base pairing)
Figure 2-22 page 50 MEMORIZE chart
Table 3-1 page 60 (be able to identify cell organelle and their functions)
Figure 3-3 page 61 (be able to identify and label parts of the phospholipid bilayer)
Table 3-2 page 62 (be able to distinguish types of membrane proteins and their different
functions)
Figure 3-6 page 65 (understand the process of osmosis)
Figure 3-7 page 66 (distinguish between iso-, hypo-, and hypertonic solutions)
Table 3-3 page 70 (types of movement across the cell membrane)
Figure 3-18 page 78 (transcription)
Figure 3-19 pages 78-79 (translation)
Figure 3-20 page 81 (cell cycle)
Figure 3-21 pages 82-83 (Interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis)
Teacher’s Notes: Chapters 3
Atoms = the smallest unit of matter
1. protons (positive, in the nucleus, determines the atomic number)
2. electrons (negative, outside the nucleus, determines reactivity or chemical
properties, balanced atoms have the same number of electrons and
protons)
3. neutron (no charge, in nucleus, protons + neutrons = atomic weight)
Isotopes = atoms with a more or less neutrons than protons
Bonds
1. Ionic = gain or loss of an electron to form a bond
2. Covalent = two or more atoms share electrons
2
Double covalent shares 2 pairs of electrons
Polar covalent shares unequally so creates a polar molecule with a positive and
negative end.
3. Hydrogen = attraction between hydrogen (positive) and other negative atoms around it
Metabolism = reactions in the body to capture, store, and use energy to maintain
homeostasis.
Work = movement or change in physical structure
1. potential = stored
2. kinetic = energy of movement
Energy = ability to perform work.
Reactions
1. decomposition = decompose = breaks apart (AB  A + B)
2. synthesis = to build (A + B  AB)
3. exchange = two molecules exchange components in some way
(A + BC  AB + C…or…AB + CD  AC + BD)
Equilibrium rates of opposing reactants are balanced (equation moves forward and
backward at same rate)
A + B  AB
Catabolism = to break down complex molecules
Anabolism = to synthesis (build) complex molecules
Enzymes – lower activation energy thereby speeding up reactions
1. Catalyst = enzyme that participates but is not permanently changes.
2. Substrate = combines with enzyme to produce a reaction
3. Active site = where enzyme and substrate meet
4. Product = end result from chemical reaction
Exergonic = releases energy (EX = exit)
Endergonic = energy absorbed (EN = in)
Organic compounds = compounds consisting of C, H, and usually O.
Inorganic compounds = compounds consisting of other elements than just C, H, and O.
Water properties are essential for life on Earth
1. Most important inorganic component of body
2. Excellent solvent
3. High heat capacity
4. Participates in metabolic reactions
5. Provides hydrogen bonds for IONIZATION (dissociation of compounds in water to
form ions…example sodium chloride is broken into sodium and chloride ions)
3
Acid = releases excess hydrogen ions in a solution
Base = removes hydrogen ions from solution
Buffers = maintains pH by releasing or absorbing hydrogen ions
pH = indication of hydrogen content…7 = neutral, pH < 7 = acid, pH > 7 = base
Salt = electrolytes = compounds that dissociate in water and conduct an electrical current.
Organic Compounds
1. Carbohydrates = most important energy source for metabolic processes
a. monosaccharides (one sugar)
b. disaccharides (two sugars)
c. polysaccharides (many sugars)
2. Lipids = water-insoluble (fats, oils, waxes)…hydrophobic
a. fatty acids
b. fats – triglycerides = 3 fatty acid and a glycerol
c. steroids – Cholesterol, hormones
d. phospholipids – most abundant component of cell membranes
3. Proteins = MANY functions in the body
a. structural
b. contractile
c. transport
d. enzymes
e. hormones
f. antibodies
4. Nucleic Acids
a. DNA
b. RNA
c. Made of a phosphate group, nitrogenous base, and a sugar
d. bases = A, G, C, T, U
Base pairs  DNA or RNA (codes for)  amino acids  polypeptides  proteins
Proteins SHAPE determines function
High Energy compounds
1. ATP (t = tri = 3 phosphates)
2. ADP (d = di = 2 phosphates…these recycle)
Cytology = the study of the structure and function of cells
Extracellular fluid = ex = out – fluid that surrounds the cell
Cell membrane – boundary
Cytoplasm = cell contents (inside)
Cell membrane = phospholipid bilayer
1. phospholipid = a phosphate head (hydrophilic) and lipid tail (hydrophobic)
2. bilayer = bi = TWO layers
3. Also includes proteins and carbohydrates
4
Membrane transport
1. Selectively permeable (lets SOME in but keeps SOME out…it “selects” what to let
in…permeable to permeate or penetrate)
2. Diffusion – movement from an area of high concentration to low concentration
3. Gradient = a difference between high and low concentrations
4. Osmosis = diffusion of WATER across a membrane in response to a gradient
5. Osmotic pressure = the FORCE of movement
6. Filtration – movement of water but retainment of solute UNLESS pores are large
enough.
7. Facilitated diffusion (type of carrier mediated transport) – needs a transport protein
8. Active transport – NEEDS energy to move
a. ion pumps
b. exchange pumps
9. Vesicular transport – transport in a vesicle)
a. endocytosis (movement from outside to in…EN = in)
b. exocytosis (movement form inside to out…Exo = out)
I. pinocytosis (cell drinking – water)
II. Phagocytosis (cell eating – particles)
Cytosol = inner fluid of cell that contains organelle
Organelle = membrane enclose structures with specific functions
Cytoskeleton = microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
Microvilli, cilia, flagella = organelle for movement
Ribosome = manufactures proteins can be free (floating in cytoplasm) or fixed (on RER)
Centrioles = direct movement of chromosomes during cell division.
Proteasomes = remove and breakdown damaged proteins
ER = RER and SER – networks of intercellular membranes
Golgi = packages and transports
Lysosomes = vesicles filled with digestive enzymes
Mitochondria = makes 95% of ATP for body
a. matrix – the fluid in mitochondria
b. cristae – folds of inner mitochondrial membrane
Nucleus
1. envelope – separates it from cytoplasm
2. pores – holes in envelope for communication
Chromosomes – holds information stored in DNA…THIS is how nucleus controls the
cell using the information in chromosomes.
Genetic code – triplet code – a CODON
Gene – all the triplets needed to produce a specific protein
Protein synthesis = production of proteins through:
a. transcription (copying of DNA to make mRNA…in nucleus)
b. translation (copying of mRNA into a protein…in cytoplasm)
mRNA = (messenger RNA) RNA that is copied form DNA and carried the CODE or
5
MESSAGE to make a protein.
tRNA = (transfer RNA) RNA that transfers mRNA to an anti-codon to produce a protein.
Cell cycle –
1. Interphase – most somatic cells are in this phase during most of their lives…normal
metabolism occurs here….DNA replication occurs here
2. M-phase – Mitosis and Cytokenesis
a. Mitosis – Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
b. Cytokenesis – division of cytoplasm to form two identical daughter cells
Apoptosis = controlled cell death
Cancer = disease characterized by presence of malignant tumors
a. Benign tumor = encapsulated cell
b. malignant = invasive cell which moves to other tissues in the body.
Chapter 3 POSSIBLE essay questions – Anatomy
Physiology
1.
What is the benefit of having some of the cellular organelles enclosed by a
membrane similar to the cell membrane?
2. Explain how the nucleus actually controls the cell’s activities?
3. When a person receives intravenous fluids to help build up blood volume, why is
it important for the fluid to be isotonic?
4. Briefly explain the process of filtration as it relates to the function of kidneys and
diabetes.
6