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Chapter 10: Genes and Chromosomes Section 2: Mutations Mutations A change in the genetic material of a cell is known as a _____________________ Not all mutations are harmful Many mutations either have no effect or cause slight, harmless changes Once in awhile a mutation may be ________________________________ to an organism Mutations may occur in any cell Mutations that affect the ____________________________________________, or germ cells, are called ____________________________________________ Mutations that affect the other cells of the body are called ___________________ ________________________________ Because they do not affect the reproductive cells, somatic mutations are _________________________________________________ Many ____________________________ are caused by somatic mutations Both somatic and germ mutations can occur at two levels – the level of ___________________________________ and the level of _________________ Chromosomal mutations involve segments of chromosomes, whole chromosomes, and even entire sets of chromosomes Gene mutation involve individual genes Chromosomal Mutations Whenever a _____________________________________________________ occurs, there is a change in the number or structure of chromosomes There are four types of chromosomal mutations o ____________________________________ o ____________________________________ o ____________________________________ o ____________________________________ Deletion A deletion involves the ________________ of part of a chromosome Duplication The opposite of a deletion is a duplication, in which a segment of a chromosome is __________________________ Inversion When part of a chromosome becomes oriented in the _______________________ of its usual direction, the result is an inversion Translocation A translocation occurs when part of one chromosome ______________________ and attaches to another, nonhomologous chromosome In most cases, nonhomologous chromosomes exchange segments, so that two translocations occur at the same time Chromosomal Mutations Chromosomal mutations that involve whole chromosomes or complete sets of chromosomes result from a process known as _____________________________ Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate normally during meiosis When one extra chromosome is involved, nondisjunction results in an ___________________________________ of a chromosome in one cell and a ___________________ of that chromosome in another cell Nondisjunction can involve more than one chromosome o _____________________________ o _____________________________ _______________________________ Almost always _____________________ in animals However, polyploid plants are often larger and hardier than normal plants Mutations in Genes Mutations can occur in individual genes and can seriously affect gene function Any chemical change that affects the DNA molecule has the potential to produce _____________________________________ The smallest changes, known as _______________________________________, affect no more than a single nucleotide However, if a single base is inserted or deleted, the groupings are shifted for every codon following the point mutation Such _____________________________________________ can completely change the polypeptide product produced by a gene