Download Honors Biology: Final exam study guide 2013

Name___________________________________________ Block______________
Honors Biology: Final exam study guide 2013
Scientific Method/Intro to Bio
List Steps of scientific method:
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Define “hypothesis”: ______________________________________________________________________
What is the difference between a control group and an experimental group?
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What words are used in a conclusion?
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What is the difference between a light (compound) microscope/simple microscope (stereoscopic) and electron
microscope?
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 Know the parts of the microscope!!
 Know your fields of biology:
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ecology __________________________________________________________________________
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genetics__________________________________________________________________________
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cytology__________________________________________________________________________
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biology __________________________________________________________________________
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taxonomy ________________________________________________________________________
Know your basic biochemistry: (Define, cite examples, cite chemicals involved)
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organic elements= __________________________________________________________________
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carbohydrates : ____________________________________________________________________
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lipids : ___________________________________________________________________________
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proteins: _________________________________________________________________________
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nucleic acids ______________________________________________________________________
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glucose/galactose/fructose ___________________________________________________________
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sucrose/lactose/maltose: _____________________________________________________________
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cellulose _________________________________________________________________________
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chitin____________________________________________________________________________
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complimentary base pairing for DNA/RNA ________________________________________________
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enzymes_________________________________________________________________________
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hydrolysis: _______________________________________________________________________
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dehydration synthesis/condensation rxn: _________________________________________________
Know your cellular organelles: What do they do?
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nucleus__________________________________________________________________________
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mitochondrion _____________________________________________________________________
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nucleolus _________________________________________________________________________
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ribosome _________________________________________________________________________
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lysosome _________________________________________________________________________
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cell membrane_____________________________________________________________________
(what is homeostasis?????)
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chloroplast _______________________________________________________________________
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endoplasmic reticulum (rough & smooth)__________________________________________________
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Golgi apparatus ____________________________________________________________________
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Cell wall _________________________________________________________________________
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Vacuole __________________________________________________________________________
 Know difference between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell!
Define the following terms related to movement of cellular materials (homeostasis & transport):
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diffusion _________________________________________________________________________
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osmosis __________________________________________________________________________
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active transport ___________________________________________________________________
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hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic solution ___________________________________________________
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plasmolysis _______________________________________________________________________
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passive transport __________________________________________________________________
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cytolysis _________________________________________________________________________
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endocytosis, pinocytosis, phagocytosis ___________________________________________________
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exocytosis ________________________________________________________________________
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contractile vacuoles _________________________________________________________________
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hydrophilic vs. hydrophobic ___________________________________________________________
Which cell is in a hypertonic solution? isotonic? hypotonic?
Cellular Reproduction
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Label the stages of mitosis.
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Define the concepts of cell division:
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interphase: _______________________________________________________________________
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mitosis __________________________________________________________________________
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meiosis __________________________________________________________________________
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haploid, diploid ____________________________________________________________________
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gamete __________________________________________________________________________
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zygote __________________________________________________________________________
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cell plate, cleavage furrow ____________________________________________________________
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autosomes/somatic chromosomes _______________________________________________________
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sex chromosomes __________________________________________________________________
How do bacteria reproduce? ________________________________________________________________
Compare sperm production and egg production in human meiosis: ______________________________________
 Know blood typing! IAIA, IBIB, IAIB, IAi, IBi, ii What combination of genotypes form the phenotypes of
type A, type B, type AB and type O blood?
 What are the symbols for “male” and female”?
 Solve the following Punnett square crosses (include genotypic and phenotypic ratios in your examples) where
T= tall and t= short:
Cross TT x tt
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Know your genetics terms:
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dominant _________________________________________________________________________
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recessive ________________________________________________________________________
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phenotype ________________________________________________________________________
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genotype _________________________________________________________________________
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homozygous _______________________________________________________________________
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heterozygous _____________________________________________________________________
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sex-linked ________________________________________________________________________
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karyotype________________________________________________________________________
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pedigree (know symbols!!) _____________________________________________________________
What is another name for:
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XO syndrome? _____________________________________________________________________
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Down Syndrome? ___________________________________________________________________
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XXY? ___________________________________________________________________________
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Other discussed genetic disorders? _____________________________________________________
What is a nondisjunction chromosome disorder? __________________________________________________
Monosomy? _____________________________________________________________________________
Trisomy? ______________________________________________________________________________
Ways to detect these disorders? ____________________________________________________________
 Remember how to Replicate? Transcribe? Translate?
AAT CCA GTC
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Replicate
Transcribe
Translate
How may bases make up a codon? _____________________________
Know your famous scientists:
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Darwin __________________________________________________________________________
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Aristotle _________________________________________________________________________
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Fleming __________________________________________________________________________
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Linnaeus _________________________________________________________________________
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Hooke ___________________________________________________________________________
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Lamarck _________________________________________________________________________
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Mendel __________________________________________________________________________
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Van Leeuwenhoek __________________________________________________________________
Taxonomy and Evolution
List the 7 levels of classification according to Linnaeus
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What are the various kingdoms of organisms?
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Describe these “taxonomy/evolution terms”:
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vestigial structures: ________________________________________________________________
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acquired traits: ____________________________________________________________________
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binomial nomenclature: _______________________________________________________________
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dichotomous key: ___________________________________________________________________
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homologous structures: ______________________________________________________________
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analogous structures: _______________________________________________________________
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coevolution: _______________________________________________________________________
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convergent evolution: ________________________________________________________________
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divergent evolution: _________________________________________________________________
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artificial selection: _________________________________________________________________
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Bacteria and Viruses and Fungi
Draw the three basic bacterial shapes: coccus, bacillus, spirillus. What is staphylo-? strepto-?
What is the difference between archaebacteria and eubacteria?
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What are some good things bacteria do for us?
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Bacterial diseases?
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What is a virus?
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Temperate (lysogenic) vs. Virulent (lytic)?
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What are some viral diseases?
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What are some common fungi? _______________________________________________________________
Fungal diseases?
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Terminology:
Hyphae: _______________________________________________________________________________
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Mycelium: ______________________________________________________________________________
Fruiting body: ___________________________________________________________________________
Famous fungal miracle drug? _______________________________ Discovered by? _____________________
Protists
List and describe several members of kingdom Protista :
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How do some protists move?
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pseudopodia ______________________________________________________________________
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cilia ____________________________________________________________________________
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flagella __________________________________________________________________________
Know diagram of the paramecium!
How do paramecia rid themselves of excess water? _______________________________________________
What are some common diseases caused by protozoa?
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Plants…
What is the equation for photosynthesis? ______________________________________________________
What are the products and reactants in both photosynthesis and cell respiration?
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Remember this diagram? Do you know the parts? What are the functions of these parts?
 Know your phyla and classes: Give examples of each, as well as basic characteristics:
Porifera _______________________________________________________________
Movement as adults? ________________________________
Cnidaria ______________________________________________________________
Specialized defense mechanism? _______________________________
Nematoda _____________________________________________________________
Platyhelminthes ________________________________________________________
Annelida_____________________________________________________________
Amphibia _______________________________________________________________
Mammalia ______________________________________________________________
Know some general organ function and structures like:
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pharynx: ____________________________________________________________________
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crop: _______________________________________________________________________
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gizzard: _____________________________________________________________________
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heart (chambers in a frog? pig?) : _________________________________________________
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nictitating membrane: :__________________________________________________________
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tympanic membrane: ____________________________________________________________
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kidneys: _____________________________________________________________________
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pinnae: ______________________________________________________________________
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eyespots: ____________________________________________________________________
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lungs: _______________________________________________________________________
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stomach _____________________________________________________________________
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what does fat/fat bodies do for organs? _____________________________________________
Biological terminology:
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Autotrophic (photoautotrophic/chemoautotrophic): _________________________________________
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Heterotrophic means: _______________________________________________________________
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Eukaryotic: _______________________________________________________________________
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Prokaryotic: ______________________________________________________________________
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Symbiotic relationships: _____________________________________________________________
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Mutualism vs. parasitism vs commensalism: __________________________________________
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 Know your basis Latin roots!!!!!!!
Energy transfer in the biosphere: Know your levels of organization!!
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(species population community ecosystem biome biosphere)
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any place an organism lives= “habitat”; a role an organism fulfills is its “niche”
Distinguish between food chains, & food webs. ___________________________________________________
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What is a trophic level? ___________________________________________________________________
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 Be able to identify producers, 10 (primary) consumers, 20 (secondary) consumers, etc. if given a food web!
Terminology
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autotroph ________________________________________________________________________
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heterotroph ______________________________________________________________________
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decomposer (saprobe/saprophyte) ______________________________________________________
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detritivore _______________________________________________________________________
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herbivore ________________________________________________________________________
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carnivore ________________________________________________________________________
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omnivore _________________________________________________________________________
BIOLOGY ?
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