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CHAPTER 9: THE MOLECULES THAT MAKE YOU WHAT YOU ARE: NUCLEIC ACIDS, PROTEINS AND HORMONES Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA Structures and Properties 9.1: The basic units of DNA and RNA are nucleotides 9.2: Nucleotides form biological polymers 9.3: DNA is a double helix DNA: The Genetic Message 9.4: The nucleotide structure of DNA carries information 9.5: Specific sequences of nucleotides are genes *9.6: The Human Genome Project Discussion Point: Who owns your genes? RNA: The Genetic Message Translator 9.7: Genetic information goes from DNA to RNA to protein 9.8: Information on DNA is transferred to mRNA 9.9: RNA codons dictate a protein’s sequence of amino acids 9.10: Ribosomes build polypeptides *9.11: Cells turn genes on and off Tying Concepts Together: The base sequence of DNA determines the amino acid sequence of a protein The Genetic Message Expressed I: Protein Form 9.12: Proteins are polyamides 9.13: Polypeptides are short chains of amino acids 9.14: Protein shapes are determined by interactions *9.15: Your hair curls due to disulfide bridges and hydrogen bonds The Genetic Message Expressed II: Protein Function *9.16: You need protein in your diet *9.17: What’s a complete protein? A Global/Local Perspective: Genetically Modified Food 9.18: Proteins have a variety of roles in the body 9.19: Enzymes are catalysts for biochemical reactions 9.20: Some proteins require additional molecules The Genetic Message In Action 9.21: Mutations: When things go wrong 9.22: Cloning Discussion Point: Cloning *9.23: Proteins and DNA are used as evidence in legal proceedings Discussion Point: What are the legal and ethical implications of DNA collection and databases? Steroids: Cholesterol, Sex Hormones, and Birth Control Pills 9.24: Testosterone is one of several anabolic steroids Discussion Point: Should athletes be allowed to use Andro-6 and carbohydrate loading? 9.25: Contraceptive pills use female sex hormones 9.26: Cholesterol is naturally present in animals *9.27: Lipoproteins contribute to heart disease risk Group Activity: Extraction of DNA from wheat germ (or Extracting the DNA from Wheat Germ) Taking It Further: Altering a protein’s shape affects its functionality