Download Name: Date: Period:___ Midterm Review: Study Guide # 4 TOPICS

Name:_____________________________
Date:______________________ Period:___
Midterm Review: Study Guide # 4
TOPICS: Mendelian Genetics, Complex Inheritance, & DNA Technology
Please read before studying:
1. First, take time to review your Study Guides #1, 2, & 3 before beginning Study Guide #4.
1. After you are done, locate your guided notes and any other associated sheets for ALL the topics
listed above.
2. Next, scan the objectives for the topic you are about to study in order to get a sense of what
you should be focusing your time and energy on.
3. Start mastering each objective by answering the associated review questions right on this sheet.
4. After you have finished, use this sheet as a study tool to quiz yourself. Quiz yourself by trying to
answer all the questions aloud. This will probably take you a few times to feel comfortable. You are
finished studying when and only when you can answer 100% of the objectives correctly without
having to look back at your notes for help.
Topic # 9 – Mendelian Genetics
 I am able to describe Gregor Mendel’s Experiments:
 What was Mendel’s P generation? Purebred tall (TT) x Purebred short (tt)
 What was Mendel’s F1 generation? All Tt (Tall)
 What was Mendel’s F2 generation? 3 Tall : 1 Short
 I am able to define the following terms
 Gene – piece of a chromosome that controls a trait
 Allele – different forms of a gene
 Homozygous – two of the same alleles
 Heterozygous – two different alleles
 Genotype – the combination of alleles (letters)
 Phenotype – what an organism looks like
 Purebred – an organism that is pure for a trait; homozygous
Appendix_Science7H
Name:_____________________________
Date:______________________ Period:___
 Hybrid – an organism with 2 different alleles; heterozygous
 I am able to solve monohybrid and dihybrid crosses:
 Green peas (G) is dominant over yellow. There is a 25% chance that the offspring of two
plants will have yellow peas.
 What are the genotypes of the parents? Gg x Gg
 An individual with the genotype AaBb mates with an individual who has the genotype aaBb.
What is the chance that the offspring will be heterozgygous for both traits?
2/4 x 2/4 = 4/16 = 1/4
Topic # 10 – Complex Inheritance
Aa aa
BB Bb
Aa aa
Bb bb
 I am able to define the following terms and provide examples:
 Incomplete Dominance- heterozygotes have an intermediate phenotype
 Polygenic Inheritance - many genes control a trait (AaBBccDD)
 Multiple Alleles - 3 or more alleles for a trait in a population
 Sex – linked traits – traits on the x chromosome
 Universal Donor – O type
 Universal Receiver - AB type
 I am able to solve genetic problems involving blood type:
 A mom and dad do not know their blood type. However, there is a 50% chance the child will
be heterozygous for type A blood and a 50% chance the child will be heterozygous for
type B blood. What are the genotypes of the parents? IAIB x ii
 I am able to solve genetic problems involving sex linked traits:
 Colorblindness is a recessive, sex-linked trait (c). Both parents have normal vision.
However, the couple has a chance of having a son who is colorblind. What are the
genotypes of the parents? XCXc and XCY
 I am able to list the characteristics of the following genetic disorders:
 Cystic fibrosis – fluid build up in the lungs; autosomal recessive genes
 Tay Sachs – fat build up in the brain; autosomal recessive genes
 Sickle Cell – RBC can’t carry oxygen properly; seen partially when co-dominant
 Hemophilia – individuals can’t stop bleeding; sex linked trait
Appendix_Science7H
Name:_____________________________
Date:______________________ Period:___
 Huntington’s – nerve disorder not diagnosed until ~ 40 years; dominant trait
 I am able to analyze a pedigree
 How can you tell if the trait is recessive? dominant? Or sex-linked?
Skips generation, every generation, women carry/men get
Topic # 11 – Protein Synthesis
 I am able to describe where and how the following processes take place:
 Transcription?
 Translation?
Copy DNA to RNA; uses RNA polymerase
RNA decoded into protein, uses ribosomes, tRNAw/ anticodon
 I am able to transcribe a strand of DNA
 TTCGGAACGGAC
AAGCCUUGCCUG
 I am able to translate a strand of mRNA using the genetic code:
 AUGCCGAUCUAG
Start use genetic code to finish reading every 3 bases
Topic # 12 – DNA technology
 I am able to describe the technique called “DNA fingerprinting”:
 What is DNA fingerprinting? Technique used to help solve crimes
 How is it helpful in solving crimes? Match a suspect’s DNA pattern to the person
who committed the crime
 I am able to describe the technique called “Genetic Engineering”:
 How is bacteria genetically engineered to produce insulin? (NOTE: Refer to your diagram
on your PPT)
Put a human gene into a plasmid. Then let the bacteria make the
human protein.
 What is the round, circular piece of bacterial DNA called that scientists use when
completing genetic engineering?

Plasmid
How is cloning different from genetic engineering?
Cloning = 2 identical organisms
Genetic Engineering = change only one or two specific traits
Appendix_Science7H
Name:_____________________________
Date:______________________ Period:___
Topic # 13 – Evolution
 I am able to describe Darwin’s observations and relate them to Darwin’s theory of evolution.
 List at least 2 observations made by Darwin
1. Darwin’s finches
2. Giant land tortoises
3. Iguanas
 I am able to explain Darwin’s theory of natural selection.
 How are variation and adaptation related to natural selection?
Variation is needed in a population for evolution to occur. One tiny variation
may come in useful when the environment changes. This variation would help
the organism adapt, survive in the environment, and reproduce. Thus natural
selection would be able to occur.
 The Arctic hare lives in snow-covered mountains in Canada. The hare is hunted by foxes,
wolves, and owls. Which trait is more likely to be inherited by the new generation of
hares: white or black fur? Why?
White fur would be favored as this would give the hares an advantage in the
environment. White fur would blend in well with the surroundings helping the
hares avoid predators.
 I am able to list evidence for evolution.
 Pandas were once considered to be closely related to raccoons and red pandas because of
their physical similarities. Today, scientists have learned that pandas are more closely
related to bears than to raccoons and red pandas. What evidence might scientist have
used to draw this conclusion?
Evidence includes: Bone structure, Fossils, DNA, and embryology
 CRITICALLY THINK! – Try making connections between the topics you have learned about so far. A
good student doesn’t just learn the facts and memorize, but can APPLY their knowledge and make
connections between topics. Try some of these questions to jump start your critical thinking
abilities. Be on the lookout because many questions on the exam will test how your critical thinking is
progressing, especially the essays!
 A local newspaper has written an editorial AGAINST the use of cloning to increase the
number of endangered species. The writer argues that the evolution of these endangered
species will be affected. Write a response to the editorial in SUPPORT of this argument.
Cloning will create endangered species that are IDENTICAL to one another.
Thus, there will be no variation in the population. Without variation, the
animals will probably not do well if the environment suddenly changes since
none of them will have a variation enabling them to adapt and survive.
Appendix_Science7H