Download Midterm Outline - Dr. Kamhi`s Science Website

Midterm Outline
Regents Living Environment
Dr. Kamhi
This is a brief expanded outline some of the material covered the first two quarters. The outline is to be used as a tool to help
you further organize your studying and in no way is to be confused as a substitute for studying.
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Observations
The use of some, or all of the senses to perceive objects or
events
Hypothesis
An educated guess based on some prior observation.
Experimentation
All experiments must have two set ups:
Control – used for basis of comparison
Variable – The part of the experiment that changes
Difference between independent and dependent variables
Valid experiments include:
Large sample size
Can be repeated
Results
The outcome of the experiment
Recorded in the form of charts, tables and graphs
Conclusion
Theory
A broad, comprehensive statement of what is thought to be true.
MEASUREMENT
1 micrometer = 1 millimeter **** Important********
SI Units of measurement
Standard for science world
Length – Meter
Volume – Liter
Time – Second
Mass – Gram
Kilo – 1000
Centi - .01
Milli - .001
Measuring under the microscope
1. Low power
a. Measure field of view
b. Measure specimen
2. Record magnifications and field of view
3. Switch to High Power
a. Calculate high power field of view
4. Estimate size of specimen.
SCIENTIFIC TOOLS
The Light Microscopes
1. Compound Light Microscope
a. View transparent specimens
b. Light comes from below the object
c. Structure and Function
d. Image is reversed in field of view
2. Electron Microscope
4. Centrifuge
Used to separate mixtures by densities
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As magnification increases, field of view decreases.
Low magnification/High magnification = High Field of view/Low
Field of view
Measuring cells under high power gives a more accurate
measurement than under low power.
LIFE PROCESSES
All the activities necessary for an organism to maintain life
Organism
Any living thing
Single celled organism
Paramecium
Ameba
Multicellular organism
More than one cell
More complex than a single cell organism
Homeostasis
Homeo-same
Stasis- State
Condition of a constant internal environment
All life processes occur to maintain homeostasis
Feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis
Know the life functions and how they maintain homeostasis
Reproduction
Asexual
Sexual
Synthesis
Growth
Excretion
Removal of metabolic waste
Urea, water, CO2
Regulation
The control of all the life processes
Nervous
Endocrine
*******Metabolism
The rate at which all life processes (reactions) are
occurring in an organism
List of Life Functions
Homeostasis
Nutrition
Transport
Reproduction
Synthesis
Growth
Excretion
Regulation
Metabolism
CELLS
Cell Theory
Animal Cells
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Lysosmes
Vacuoles
Cell Membrane
Golgi Body
Nucleolus
Centrioles
Vacuole
Plant Cells
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Lysosmes
Vacuoles
Nutrition
Ingestion
Digestion
Types
Autotrophic
Heterotrophic
Transport
Absorption
Circulation Passive transport
Diffusion, osmosis
Active Transport
Endocytosis
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
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Cell Membrane
Golgi Body
Nucleolus
Cell Wall
Large Vacuole
Chloroplast
CELL RESPIRATION
Comparison of Plant and Animal Cells
ATP
Energy stored in chemical bonds
Aerobic Respiration
Glucose + Oxygen  Carbon Dioxide= Water + ATP
Organic  Inorganic
Know ALL equations
Takes place in Mitochondria:
BIOCHEMISTRY
Organic/inorganic
Compounds of Life –
Proteins made from Amino Acids
Lipids made from Fatty Acids and Glycerol
Carbohydrates made from Simple Sugars (Glucose )
Dehydration Synthesis
Hydrolysis
Enzymes
AKA: Catalysts or Biological Catalyst
Temp and pH affects
Chemical Indicators
Lugol’s Iodine
Benedicts Solutions
Anaerobic Respiration
Know equations
NO Oxygen
Take place in Cytoplasm
Lactic Acid
Alcohol and Carbon Dioxide
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Autotrophic
Carbon Dioxide + Water (Sunlight)  Glucose + Oxygen
Inorganic  Organic
Takes place in Chloroplast
CELL TRANSPORT
Cell Membrane: semi-permeable / selectively permeable
Receptors on cell membrane for communication
Diffusion – High to Low concentration (Passive Transport)
Active Transport- use energy (ATP) Low to High
Facilitative Transport – Help from membrane proteins
Osmosis – Diffusion of water
Hypertonic solution – cells will shrink
Hypotonic solution – cells will swell and burst
Isotonic Solution
Phagocytosis
Leaf Structure:
Guard Cells and Stomata – Gas Exchange and Transpiration
Form of feedback
Water ONLY leaves through Stomata
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State Labs:
Know both labs: Diffusion through a Membrane and Making
Connections – Important part of the Midterm
Diagrams To Know
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Chromosome
Cell Organelles
Carbohydrate (Sugar)
State Lab Diagrams
Transport Diagrams (Cells in salt water or distilled water)
Notes
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