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Name:__________________________________
SCP BIOLOGY – ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Date: __________ Block__________
Skeletal Systems Notes
I.
II.
III.
Functions of Skeletal System:
a. Strucutre
b. Protection
c. Movement/Locomotion
d. Mineral Storage
e. Blood cell Production
Types of Skeletons in Animals
a. Exoskeleton: hard covering on the outside of a body that provides both support and protection; nonliving
structure. Example: insects, crustaceans
b. Endoskeleton: living internal framework; living structure. Example: Humans, etc.
Human Skeleton
a. Know the following major bones of the human body:
Human skeleton has 206 bones
Axial Skeleton – skull, vertebrae, rib cage
Appendicular Skeleton – bones of the arms, legs, pelvic and
shoulder girdle, bones of the feet and hands.
Functions of bone:
Structure – framework keeps our shape
Protection – houses internal organs (ex: skull/brain)
Movement – attachment for muscles
Mineral Storage – calcium and phosphorus are stored within
our bone tissue.
Blood Cell Production – Red blood cells, White blood cells
are produced in the bone marrow
Periosteum-tough exterior membrane that surrounds
bones. Blood vessels branch through the periosteum.
Marrow—soft tissue that fills some spaces in bone.
Red Marrow-produces red blood cells, white blood cells,
and platelets.
Yellow Marrow-found within the cavities of long bone
shafts-composed primarily of fat, which stores energy
Haversian Canals-lengthwise circular channels through
which blood vessels and nerves pass.
Canaliculi-small channels in compact bone.
Osteoblasts/Osteocytes-make new bone and maintain
mineral concentrations of the bone.
Name:__________________________________
SCP BIOLOGY – ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Date: __________ Block__________
Types of Bone:
Spongy bone is found in the ends of long bones and in the
middle part of short, flat bones.
Compact bone is very dense and it is found in the shafts of
long bones such as the upper arm and the upper leg.
Why do you think that long bones are made up of compact
bones?
I.
II.
Cartilage
a. Cushions of tissue in joints keep the ends of the bones from rubbing against each other.
b. Some freely movable joints are also protected by fluid-filled sacs called bursae.
c. Bursae sacs absorb the impact of sudden pressure.
Joints
a. Bones and muscles of freely movable joints are bound together by bands of tough connective tissues.
b. Ligaments are connective tissues that join one bone to another.
c. Tendons are connective tissues that attach muscles to bones.
Joints Types
Joints are the areas where bones meet in the body. Joints can be classified as
immovable, slightly movable, or freely movable.
1. Immovable joints: no movement takes place. Example: bones in the adult
human skull; fixed joint
2. Slightly movable joints: allows only a small amount of movement.
Example: vertebrae of the spine; sliding joint
3. Freely movable joints: allows the widest range of motion. The following
are examples of these joints:
a.. pivot joint: bones rotate around each other. Example:
skull attaches to vertebral column
b. ball-and-socket joint: ball shaped end of one bone fits into a cup
shaped end of another. Allows for the widest range of motion.
Example: arm to shoulder socket or leg to hip socket
c. hinge joint: bones connected by hinge joints move back and forth
like a hinge. Example: elbow
d. saddle joint: allows the thumb to glide in various motions.
Example: Thumb ie. Opposable thumbs
e. gliding/slidding joint: allows for bones to slide over one another.
Example: bones in foot/wrist
Name:__________________________________
SCP BIOLOGY – ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Date: __________ Block__________
Muscular System Notes
I.
II.
Functions of the Muscular System:
a. Movement of body parts – muscles attach to the bones to make movement possible
b. Transport within the body – muscles help move digestive organs in order to transport food
c. Stability – some muscles are always contracted to give us stability (posture)
d. Maintain Homeostasis – muscles give off heat as a product of contraction – we shiver to keep warm
i. “thermoregulation”
Types of muscle:
Skeletal Muscle – The muscles that are under conscious control and enable
the body to move (voluntary)
 Skeletal muscle is striated – narrow stripes or bands that are visible
under a microscope
 Cell nucleus divides, but cell does not = 1 cell might have more than
one nuclei
 Contain more mitochondria than most other cells
 Nerve signals control the contraction of a muscle
 If runs low on oxygen, gets tired
Smooth Muscle – unstriated, involuntary muscle
 Controlled by the nervous system and by hormones of endocrine
system
 Ex: width of blood vessels, contractions of digestive system, puils
contract
Cardiac Muscle – the muscle that makes up the heart
 Striated and involuntary
 Works without stimulation from nervous system (nervous system
can increase/decrease HR)
 Works slow, but constantly
 Piece of heart muscle will work outside the body for a time
Muscle ContractionsSkeletal muscles move bone by contracting (shortening) and relaxing.
To move bones in two directions, the body requires complementary
muscle groups-think biceps/triceps.
Muscles that bend joints are flexors and those that straightens are
extensors.
.
Name:__________________________________
SCP BIOLOGY – ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Date: __________ Block__________
Nervous System Notes
I.
Functions:
a. The nervous system enables the body to gather information
b. It allows the body to respond quickly to changes inside or outside the body.
II.
How does the nervous system enable an animal to respond quickly?
a. Nervous system uses sensors to gather information from inside and outside the body
b. Nervous system transmits the information over a network of specialized nerve cells
c. Information is delivered to processing areas
i. For ex: Brain, spinal cord
d. The information is processed into possible responses
i. Remember: a response is another way to describe a reaction
e. Information to direct the best response is sent back through the network of nerve cells
f. Muscles, glands, and other organs and structures of the animal carries out the responsive actions
III.
Human Nervous System
a. Our body has two divisions or two major systems
b.
Central Nervous System (CNS): the body’s
main control center and consists of the brain and
the spinal cord.
The CNS processes information and sends
instructions to other parts of the body. The spinal
cord relays nerve impulses to and from the brain.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): made up of
a network of nerves that extend throughout the
body. The PNS gathers information and delivers
it to and from the CNS. Sensory and Motor
nerves are part of the PNS.
Name:__________________________________
SCP BIOLOGY – ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
IV.
Cells of the Nervous System
a. The nervous system consists of two types of cells:
i. Neurons and Glial cells
1. Neurons: the functional cells of the nervous system.
Neurons transmit signals through the body. It is composed of
the cell body which contains the nucleus, cytoplasm, and
organelles. It is also composed of fiberlike extensions called
axons and dendrites. In the PNS, these fibers are bundled into
ropelike structures called nerves.
Axon: carries an impulse away from cell body
Dendrite: receives and carries the impulse to the cell body
2. Glial cells: protect, support, and assist the neurons.
Examples examples of glial cells include:
-Schwann cells: wrap around nerve fibers as they
grow. The membranes of these cells contain a fatty
substance called myelin, which forms a sheath that
insulates the nerve fibers together.
Types of Neurons
1. Sensory Neurons: conduct impulses toward the CNS
2. Motor Neurons: conduct impulses away from the CNS
3. Interneurons: conduct impulses within the CNS. They
connect with sensory, motor, and other interneurons.
Date: __________ Block__________