Download Notes Unit 4 Part 7

BIOLOGY NOTES
GENETICS PART 7
PAGES 239-247
NAME:
DAY / MOD:
DATE:
Standards:
____ Explain the basic process of transcription and translation, and how they result in the expression of genes
Essential Question:
1.
I. Genes
The double helix shape of ______ explains how DNA can be copied but not what a gene is.
REMEMBER GENES?
Gene = coded pieced of ____ that controls the production of ______________ within a cell
 What do proteins have to do with traits?
 protein = a macromolecule needed for the survival of an _________________
 proteins control what our traits are
 What kinds of things can proteins control?
 growth, _________________, _____________, repair to cell structures, etc.
PROTEINS ARE THE KEYS TO LIFE AND DETERMINE WHAT AN ORGANISM LOOKS
LIKE AND HOW THEY FUNCTION!!!!
 How do genes make proteins?
 the sequence of ___________ in DNA is a ______ for making (synthesis) of proteins
 this is why DNA is called a _______________ code
 Why is DNA also called a “universal” code? __________________________________________
 How does the “genetic code” get decoded and made into proteins?
 ________
II. RNA (ribonucleic acid) = a single stranded __________ acid that contains the sugar ribose and is
responsible for protein synthesis
A. DNA vs. RNA: 4 differences
1. DNA is ___________ stranded but RNA is ___________ stranded
2. DNA contains the sugar ____________________ but RNA contains the sugar _________
3. DNA contains the bases adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). RNA contains
adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and _______________ (U).
4. DNA must stay within the ______________ but RNA can and will move from the nucleus into the
__________________.
B. Types of RNA
1. Messenger RNA (mRNA) = carries instructions for how to make _____________ from the DNA in
the nucleus to the _____________ in the cytoplasm
2. Transfer RNA (tRNA) = brings ___________ acids to the ribosome in the correct order so that they
can be built into new ________________
3. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) = RNA that with several proteins makes up the structures of a
___________________
Range, A.
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C. Transcription = the process of transferring _______________ from a strand of _____ to a strand of
_____.
STEPS:
1. RNA polymerase binds to the promoter sequence of DNA to unwind and separate DNA
 RNA polymerase = an enzyme that binds to _____ and begins transcription
 promoter = specific _____ sequence of DNA that indicates to RNA polymerase where to begin
transcription
2. One strand of DNA acts as a _______________
3. Free floating RNA ____________________ combine forming a strand that is __________________ to
the template strand.
4. The RNA is edited by removing the _______________
 introns = pieces of _____ that do not code for proteins
5. The remaining pieces of RNA, known as exons, are _______________ together to form the
completely complementary strand of RNA known as mRNA
 exons = DNA sequences that ________ for proteins
*** What would be the base sequence of mRNA if DNA is CGTAATTGCGCA?***
D. Translation = the decoding of the __________ message into a ________________
 Translation occurs on _______________. If proteins are to be built, ____________ acids from the
cytoplasm must be brought to the ribosome.
 Remember, amino acids are the ______________ of proteins.
 There are ____ different types of amino acids.
 polypeptide = long chains of ___________ acids joined together
STEPS:
1. mRNA leaves the _______________ where it is made and goes to a _______________
 ribosomes are located either on the __________ ER or in the ________________
2. Once the mRNA is bound to the ribosome, the mRNA is “read” 1 ____________ at a time.
 codon = a set of ____ consecutive nucleotides that specify a specific ____________ acid
3. Each codon has a complementary ______________ which is found on tRNA. For every codon read,
tRNA attaches the anticodon.
 anticodon = complementary base sequence to the __________ codon
4. Attached to the other end of the ___________ is an _____________ acid. When tRNA binds to
mRNA, amino acids can be bonded together with ___________ bonds until a ___________________
or protein forms.
5. When a _________ codon is reached, the ribosome releases the newly formed polypeptide and the
mRNA molecule. This completes the process of translation.
 The end result of translation is the formation of the large variety of ___________ that make up the
structure of organisms and help them to ______________.
*** What would the mRNA, tRNA, and amino acid sequence be if DNA is TACAACTTT?***
STUDENT SYNTHESIS
To demonstrate knowledge of the information contained within these notes, within the space below EITHER 1. Create two higher
level test questions and answers based on the information OR 2. Write a comprehensive summary of the information
Range, A.
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