12.3 The Citric Acid Cycle Oxidizes AcetylCoA
... 12.6 Regulation of the Citric Acid Cycle • Pathway controlled by: ...
... 12.6 Regulation of the Citric Acid Cycle • Pathway controlled by: ...
Glycolysis
... This pathway not only important in glucose metabolism--generates intermediates for other important building blocks ...
... This pathway not only important in glucose metabolism--generates intermediates for other important building blocks ...
Transport of molecules into a bacterial cell
... – If reduced NAD molecules are “poker chips”, they contain energy which needs to be “cashed in” to make ATP. – In order for glycolysis and Krebs Cycle to continue, NAD that gets reduced to NADH must get re-oxidized to NAD. – What is the greediest electron hog we know? Molecular oxygen. – In Electron ...
... – If reduced NAD molecules are “poker chips”, they contain energy which needs to be “cashed in” to make ATP. – In order for glycolysis and Krebs Cycle to continue, NAD that gets reduced to NADH must get re-oxidized to NAD. – What is the greediest electron hog we know? Molecular oxygen. – In Electron ...
PRODUCT FACT SHEET - Taylormade Horse Supplies
... The anaerobic work creates a buildup of waste products, acid, and heat. This subsequently alters the cell by preventing the cell’s enzymes from functioning and the myofilaments from efficiently contracting. The cell membranes may then be damaged if the horse is forced to continue work, which allows ...
... The anaerobic work creates a buildup of waste products, acid, and heat. This subsequently alters the cell by preventing the cell’s enzymes from functioning and the myofilaments from efficiently contracting. The cell membranes may then be damaged if the horse is forced to continue work, which allows ...
Respiration: Occurs in two places in the cell Cytoplasm and
... What do I need to know about glycolysis? Take place in cytoplasm 6C sugar (glucose) ...
... What do I need to know about glycolysis? Take place in cytoplasm 6C sugar (glucose) ...
Lab 7 PPT - Dr Magrann
... as a coenzyme. It is often called the "molecular unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer. • ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is one of the end products of phosphorylation and cellular respiration and used in many cellular processes, including muscle contracti ...
... as a coenzyme. It is often called the "molecular unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer. • ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is one of the end products of phosphorylation and cellular respiration and used in many cellular processes, including muscle contracti ...
Krebs cycle
... Odd carbon acids converts into propionylCoA which cannot directly enter either beta oxidation or the citric acid cycles. Instead it is carboxylated to D-methylmalonyl-CoA, which is isomerized to L-methylmalonylCoA. A vitamin B12-dependent enzyme catalyzes rearrangement of Lmethylmalonyl-CoA to succi ...
... Odd carbon acids converts into propionylCoA which cannot directly enter either beta oxidation or the citric acid cycles. Instead it is carboxylated to D-methylmalonyl-CoA, which is isomerized to L-methylmalonylCoA. A vitamin B12-dependent enzyme catalyzes rearrangement of Lmethylmalonyl-CoA to succi ...
chapter8powerpointle
... Join with an enzyme CoA molecule to make acetylCoA Acetyl (C2) group transferred to oxaloacetate (C2) to make citrate (C6) Each acetyl oxidized to two CO2 molecules Remaining 4 carbons from oxaloacetate converted back to oxaloacetate (thus “cyclic”) ...
... Join with an enzyme CoA molecule to make acetylCoA Acetyl (C2) group transferred to oxaloacetate (C2) to make citrate (C6) Each acetyl oxidized to two CO2 molecules Remaining 4 carbons from oxaloacetate converted back to oxaloacetate (thus “cyclic”) ...
PATHWAYS THAT HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY CHAPTER 9
... • In some cells NADH must be shuttled using ATP and net result = 30 ATP USING OTHER NUTRIENTS FOR CELLULAR RESPIRATION CATABOLIC CONVERSIONS • Polysaccharides → hydrolyzed to glucose, enters glycolysis and cellular respiration • Lipids → broken down to: glycerol → DAP fatty acids → acetyl CoA • Prot ...
... • In some cells NADH must be shuttled using ATP and net result = 30 ATP USING OTHER NUTRIENTS FOR CELLULAR RESPIRATION CATABOLIC CONVERSIONS • Polysaccharides → hydrolyzed to glucose, enters glycolysis and cellular respiration • Lipids → broken down to: glycerol → DAP fatty acids → acetyl CoA • Prot ...
Nutrients
... consume Anabolism – combining small organic compounds into larger ones; reactions are endergonic (requires energy) and consume more energy than they produce Chemical reactions of living systems depend on efficiently transforming energy from one molecule to another. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) accom ...
... consume Anabolism – combining small organic compounds into larger ones; reactions are endergonic (requires energy) and consume more energy than they produce Chemical reactions of living systems depend on efficiently transforming energy from one molecule to another. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) accom ...
A2 Populations and Environment JLL The Biochemistry of R
... 2. THE LINK REATION: The ____________ produced during glycolysis combines with coenzyme A to produce______________. At the start of the link reaction, pyruvate produced by the process of glycolysis, leaves the cytoplasm and enters the matrix of the mitochondria. In the mitochondria, NAD oxidises the ...
... 2. THE LINK REATION: The ____________ produced during glycolysis combines with coenzyme A to produce______________. At the start of the link reaction, pyruvate produced by the process of glycolysis, leaves the cytoplasm and enters the matrix of the mitochondria. In the mitochondria, NAD oxidises the ...
second exam2
... locations and properties of these molecules. For example, your cartoon should show the positions of the head groups and tails of the lipids and how these lipids form a membrane. It should also show how the proteins are positioned relative to the ...
... locations and properties of these molecules. For example, your cartoon should show the positions of the head groups and tails of the lipids and how these lipids form a membrane. It should also show how the proteins are positioned relative to the ...
Lecture 19 TCA Cycle 1. How pyruvate is converted to acetyl
... are converted to acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA). In this complex series of reactions, pyruvate undergoes oxidative decarboxylation. First, a carboxyl group is removed as carbon dioxide, which diffuses out of the cell. Then the two-carbon fragment remaining is oxidized, and the hydrogens that were re ...
... are converted to acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA). In this complex series of reactions, pyruvate undergoes oxidative decarboxylation. First, a carboxyl group is removed as carbon dioxide, which diffuses out of the cell. Then the two-carbon fragment remaining is oxidized, and the hydrogens that were re ...
Lecture 11: Take your Vitamins! Enzyme Cofactors Reference
... -Donates or accepts one proton and two electrons as a hydride ion (H: -) -Commonly used by dehydrogenase enzymes -A true cosubstrate: binds like a substrate and exits like a product. -NADH biggest role? Carry electrons to mitochondria to drive ATP ...
... -Donates or accepts one proton and two electrons as a hydride ion (H: -) -Commonly used by dehydrogenase enzymes -A true cosubstrate: binds like a substrate and exits like a product. -NADH biggest role? Carry electrons to mitochondria to drive ATP ...
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
... Citric Acid Cycle Components Are Important Biosynthetic Intermediates The citric acid cycle is an amphibolic pathwayboth ...
... Citric Acid Cycle Components Are Important Biosynthetic Intermediates The citric acid cycle is an amphibolic pathwayboth ...
Biosynthesis of Essential Amino Acids
... 1. It has been shown in many instances that enzymes catalyzing chemically similar reactions (e.g. malate and lactate dehydrogenases) have amazingly similar tertiary structures which suggests they evolved from a common ancestral protein. Likewise, chemical similarity in sequences of reactions in diff ...
... 1. It has been shown in many instances that enzymes catalyzing chemically similar reactions (e.g. malate and lactate dehydrogenases) have amazingly similar tertiary structures which suggests they evolved from a common ancestral protein. Likewise, chemical similarity in sequences of reactions in diff ...
Citric Acid (or Krebs) Cycle - BYU
... During the reactions of the citric acid cycle, CO2 will be lost twice. This means that if you are counting, you will realize that every carbon of the original Glucose or Fat is ultimately lost as CO2. This is the reason we have to breath continuously as we do. Hydrogens with electrons are transferre ...
... During the reactions of the citric acid cycle, CO2 will be lost twice. This means that if you are counting, you will realize that every carbon of the original Glucose or Fat is ultimately lost as CO2. This is the reason we have to breath continuously as we do. Hydrogens with electrons are transferre ...
Lecture_4_Glycolysis
... Triose phosphate isomerase converts DHAP into GAP. This conversion of a ketose into an aldose proceeds through an enediol intermediate. 1. Glutamate 165 acts as a general base catalyst, and removes a proton from C-1 of the substrate to form the enediol intermediate. 2. Glutamate 165, now acting as ...
... Triose phosphate isomerase converts DHAP into GAP. This conversion of a ketose into an aldose proceeds through an enediol intermediate. 1. Glutamate 165 acts as a general base catalyst, and removes a proton from C-1 of the substrate to form the enediol intermediate. 2. Glutamate 165, now acting as ...
ReviewExamIII
... What are the two parts of photosynthesis called (note: the light independent reactions are sometimes called the Calvin Cycle)? What is the function of NAD+ and FAD+ in cellular respiration? Why do glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle stop running when oxygen is lacking? How does fermentation allow glycoly ...
... What are the two parts of photosynthesis called (note: the light independent reactions are sometimes called the Calvin Cycle)? What is the function of NAD+ and FAD+ in cellular respiration? Why do glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle stop running when oxygen is lacking? How does fermentation allow glycoly ...
Chapter 8
... • The final electron acceptor completes the terminal step (ex. Oxygen) • Chemiosmosis • Proton motive force (PMF) ...
... • The final electron acceptor completes the terminal step (ex. Oxygen) • Chemiosmosis • Proton motive force (PMF) ...
Biotransformation Xenobiotic metabolism
... – Reactive intermediates include epoxides and free radical species (unpaired electrons) that are short-lived and hence highly reactive – Protection is provided by • endogenous antioxidant substances, e.g. GSH • vitamins C and E • antioxidant enzymes, SOD, GPX, CAT in coupled reactions ...
... – Reactive intermediates include epoxides and free radical species (unpaired electrons) that are short-lived and hence highly reactive – Protection is provided by • endogenous antioxidant substances, e.g. GSH • vitamins C and E • antioxidant enzymes, SOD, GPX, CAT in coupled reactions ...
Describe and discuss the process of chemiosmosis in eukaryotic
... C. The absence of O2 is problematic to the process of cellular respiration. Describe how a muscle cell may attempt to compensate during strenuous exercise. (3 pt maximum) __glycolysis may continue __glycolysis will still net 2 ATP __NADH is unable to become oxidized (or lose electrons) at the ETC __ ...
... C. The absence of O2 is problematic to the process of cellular respiration. Describe how a muscle cell may attempt to compensate during strenuous exercise. (3 pt maximum) __glycolysis may continue __glycolysis will still net 2 ATP __NADH is unable to become oxidized (or lose electrons) at the ETC __ ...
19 Dr. Nafez Abu Tarboosh Qusai Al Sharef
... It should be activated first by losing its Hydrogen and that is done by the close histidine that can abstract the hydrogen. Now we have the activated carbon that will attack the carbonyl ketone group (on C 2) so the bonds around this carbon will be weaken (between c1 and c2) and C1 will leave as a c ...
... It should be activated first by losing its Hydrogen and that is done by the close histidine that can abstract the hydrogen. Now we have the activated carbon that will attack the carbonyl ketone group (on C 2) so the bonds around this carbon will be weaken (between c1 and c2) and C1 will leave as a c ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.