Download ReviewExamIII

Review Concepts for Bio 101 Exam III
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Know the names and properties of the following chemical functional groups. Be able to draw their
structures.
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Name the following molecules, describe their biological function, and describe where in the living
world each one might be found.
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Name and describe the major properties of water
Describe the pH scale and specify what values are acidic, neutral, or basic (alkaline).
What are the names and structures of the monomers of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic
acids?
What are the names and structures of the polymers of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic
acids?
What is the difference between polar and non-polar substances? Which ones are hydrophilic or
hydrophobic?
A triglyceride (fat or oil) is said to be saturated or unsaturated based on the nature of the bonds within
the fatty acids. Describe the difference between these types of fats or oils. Designate which type is
solid or liquid at room temperature.
Describe the differences between starch, glycogen, and cellulose with respect to structure and where
they are found in the living world.
What are the functions and general structure of phospholipids, sterols, and triglycerides?
What is the specific function of cholesterol?
What are the bonds that join amino acids together called, and what type are they (ionic, covalent, or
hydrogen)?
Name three specific ways in which DNA and RNA differ with respect to general structure or
differences between their monomers.
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What is the composition of cell membranes?
What is the difference between hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic and which way will water flow if
a cell is placed in each of these three solutions?
Describe the differences between ionic, hydrogen, and covalent bonds and be able to say what kind of
bonds are in common molecules like sugar, water, protein, table salt, oxygen, lipids, and carbon
dioxide.
Why are plants green colored if white light is shining on them? What two colors of light do plants
absorb best?
What are the two parts of photosynthesis called (note: the light independent reactions are sometimes
called the Calvin Cycle)?
What is the function of NAD+ and FAD+ in cellular respiration?
Why do glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle stop running when oxygen is lacking?
How does fermentation allow glycolysis to start up again even in the absence of oxygen?
Where in aerobic cellular respiration is the most carbon dioxide released (What set of reactions and
where in the cell?
What are the products of fermentation for human muscle cells, yeast, and bacteria?
Where do the electrons from glucose end up at the end of cellular respiration?
What molecules cycle back and forth between the two reactions in photosynthesis?
How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions?
Define the terms we used in the Enzyme lab (such as substrate, competitive inhibitor, active site, noncompetitive inhibitor, and catalysis) and review the exact chemical reaction (reactants and products)
that we studied in the Enzyme lab.
How does pH and temperature affect enzymatic rate (velocity)? How does a graph of enzymatic rate
look versus pH and temperature?
How do catabolic and anabolic reactions differ with respect to energy requirements or use, and which
is a "build-up" and which a "break-down" group of reactions?
What are some of the functions of protein inside of cell or in our bodies?
Differentiate between hydrolysis and dehydration (condensation) and what happens in these reactions.
Be able to calculate the approximate number of ATP that would be made if, say, 5 glucoses went
through aerobic cellular respiration or instead were used in fermentation.
Key Words and Concepts for Exam III
Cohesion
Adhesion
Heat capacity
Universal solvent
Acid
Alkaline/Basic
Hydroxyl group
Amino group
Carboxyl group
Phosphate group
(Aldehyde and Ketone)
Peptide
Amino acid
Peptide bond
Polar
Non-polar
Hydrophobic
Hydrophilic
Triglyceride
Fatty Acid
Glycerol
Fat
Oil
Saturated C-C bond
Unsaturated C-C bond
Nucleotide
Deoxyribonucleotide
Ribonucleotide
DNA
RNA
Nucleic Acid
Double stranded helix
Single stranded
Nitrogenous base
Monosaccharide/simple
sugar
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide/complex
sugar
Cellulose
Starch
Chitin
Murein/peptidoglycan
Glycogen
Fructose
Sucrose
Glucose
Hormone
Sterol/steroid
Photosynthetic pigment
cholesterol
Insulation
Energy storage
Catalyst
Structural support
Mitochondrion
Chloroplast
lysosomes
Golgi body
Endoplasmic reticulum
Hypotonic
Hypertonic
Diffusion
Passive transport
Active transport
Faciliated transport
Plasmolysis
Salt
Ionic bonds
Covalent bonds
Hydrogen bonds
Solubility
Light absorption
Light reflection
Calvin Cycle (light indpt)
Light dependent reactions
NAD+/NADH
FAD+/FADH2
Equation for cell resp.
Equation for photosynth.
Pyruvate
ADP + P
ATP
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron transport chain
ATP synthase/mill
Hydrogen ion reservoir
Permeable/impermeable
Membrane channel
proteins
Fermentation
Ethanol and CO2
Yeast and fermentation
Human muscle cells &
ferm.
Bacteria and fermentation
Lactic acid
Matrix of mitochondrion
Inner membrane
Outer membrane
Carbon dioxide
Role of H2O in cell resp
and photosyn.
Enzyme
Substrate
Product
Energy-requiring reaction
Energy-liberating reaction
Enzymes and pH, temp.
Functions of protein
Functions of lipids
Functions of carbos
Functions of nucl. Acids
Parts of a nucleotide
Competitive inhibitor
Non-competitive inhibitor