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AP Biology Final Study Guide
Chemistry of Life
1. Elements in living matter
2. Isotopes
3. Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons
4. Bonds, covalent vs ionic, and what makes a covalent bond polar?
5. Water—bonds
6. Water—Properties, Surface Tension
7. Water—Properties, Specific heat, surface tension, high heat of vaporization, and buffering
capacity.
8. Hydrophobic vs hydrophilic
9. Carbon and bonds
10. What is a carbonyl group? Describe it.
11. What functional groups are always found in Amnio Acids?
12. What basic approach can be used to describe living things
13. Dehydration reactions—what are they?
14. Fatty acids
15. What makes the 20 different amino acids different from each other?
16. What are proteins made of and how are they made? (chemistry not genetics yet)
Energy
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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8.
9.
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11.
12.
What is metabolism
What is the energy available to do work called?
Why is ATP important to metabolism and cellular work?
Enzymes—what are they?
What will occur in eukaryotic cells regardless of whether oxygen is present or not? (Think cell
respiration)
What are the functions of the krebs cycle? (what happens during the krebs cycle)
Clinical question—understand cell respiration.
What is the sequence of movement of electrons during aerobic respiration.
What are the differences between producers and consumers and decomposers (from an energy
standpoint)
What is the name of an organism that metabolizes organic molecules produced by other
organisms.
How can you tell what wavelengths of light are absorbed by a plant?
What are the steps and what occurs in each step of photosynthesis in order?
Cells
1. What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
2. What organelles are part of the endomembrane system? What are not part of the
Endomembrane system?
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
What organelle is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids, and steroids?
What are all the similarities between mitochondrion and chloroplasts?
What does cholesterol in the plasma membrane do for some animals?
Fluid mosaic model of cell membranes.
Diffusion—explain please, don’t take the simple answer.
How does the signal transduction pathway work for yeast mating?
What is synaptic signaling and hormonal signaling?
What are the stages of cell signaling?
What is a ligand-gated ion channels?
Genetics
1. What is a centromere
2. If a cell has 92 chromatids at metaphase how many will each daughter cell have?
3. Cell cycle what happens in each step of the cell cycle?
4. Phases of cell cycle and what happens?
5. What is a genome?
6. Haploid vs Diploid what is the difference?
7. Karyotype what is it?
8. Meiosis gives you what? Fertilization gives you what?
9. A self-pollinating plant has the same phenotype generation after generation what is it called?
10. What is the most significant result of Mendel’s experiments?
11. Alleles
12. A couple both are carriers for a genetic disease what is the probability that their next child will
have cystic fibrosis?
13. People who have red hair usually have freckles. How can you explain this?
14. Gene map question involving crossing over?
15. Genetic clinical question involving human conditions and their offspring.
16. See above
Ecology
1. General ecology question