Cellular Respiration notes HONORS
... • Adenosine Triphosphate is the energy currency in living organisms • It cannot be stored-instead glucose is stored and converted as the body needs it. This conversion is called cellular respiration • When ATP is made, it then can be released and used by the cells in functions such as making protein ...
... • Adenosine Triphosphate is the energy currency in living organisms • It cannot be stored-instead glucose is stored and converted as the body needs it. This conversion is called cellular respiration • When ATP is made, it then can be released and used by the cells in functions such as making protein ...
classification of enzymes
... • Catalysis by Strain : Binding of Enzyme to substrates whose covalent bond are to be cleaved in an unfavorable configuration thereby exerting strain on the bonds ,stretching or distorting bonds. • Covalent Catalysis: Formation of transient covalent bond between enzyme & substrate(s) makes it more r ...
... • Catalysis by Strain : Binding of Enzyme to substrates whose covalent bond are to be cleaved in an unfavorable configuration thereby exerting strain on the bonds ,stretching or distorting bonds. • Covalent Catalysis: Formation of transient covalent bond between enzyme & substrate(s) makes it more r ...
(pg 104-110) - Cellular Respiration
... Production of ATP When oxygen is present, aerobic respiration occurs to produce ATP. When oxygen is not ...
... Production of ATP When oxygen is present, aerobic respiration occurs to produce ATP. When oxygen is not ...
Anaerobic Respiration
... O2 is the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain. It accepts electrons to make H2O If there is no O2 then, the ETC will become clogged with electrons because there won’t be a molecule to accept the electrons As a result, the ETC will not be free to oxidize the coenzymes NADH and FAD ...
... O2 is the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain. It accepts electrons to make H2O If there is no O2 then, the ETC will become clogged with electrons because there won’t be a molecule to accept the electrons As a result, the ETC will not be free to oxidize the coenzymes NADH and FAD ...
2. Pyruvate Oxidation
... ATP is formed directly when an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP ...
... ATP is formed directly when an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP ...
Ecological speciation model
... 1815: Gay-Lussac found that yeast made 2 ethanols and 2 carbon dioxides from glucose Buchner: cell-free extract, beginnings of biochemistry Uses glycolytic pathway to make pyruvate Difference from Streptococcus is in what happens to pyruvate ...
... 1815: Gay-Lussac found that yeast made 2 ethanols and 2 carbon dioxides from glucose Buchner: cell-free extract, beginnings of biochemistry Uses glycolytic pathway to make pyruvate Difference from Streptococcus is in what happens to pyruvate ...
lecture 02b
... – What is the greediest electron hog we know? Molecular oxygen. – In Electron transport, electrons are passed to oxygen so that these metabolic processes can continue with more glucose. – Electron carriers in membrane are reversibly reduced, then reoxidized as they pass electrons (or Hs) to the next ...
... – What is the greediest electron hog we know? Molecular oxygen. – In Electron transport, electrons are passed to oxygen so that these metabolic processes can continue with more glucose. – Electron carriers in membrane are reversibly reduced, then reoxidized as they pass electrons (or Hs) to the next ...
Anaerobic Respiration - County Central High School
... Creatine phosphate is used at times to enhance respiration because it can donate its phosphate to ADP creating ATP allowing for more energy production during muscle contractions and may be used as a buffer to delay lactic acid fermentation ...
... Creatine phosphate is used at times to enhance respiration because it can donate its phosphate to ADP creating ATP allowing for more energy production during muscle contractions and may be used as a buffer to delay lactic acid fermentation ...
L10v02b_-_citric_acid_cycle.stamped_doc
... generating steps when we produce either NADH, or FADH2, or GTP, which although not as common as a ATP, is still used very often in energy requiring and regulatory processes. Now NADH and FADH2 both function as electron carriers. NADH has higher energy electrons. [00:01:53.74] There's not enough ener ...
... generating steps when we produce either NADH, or FADH2, or GTP, which although not as common as a ATP, is still used very often in energy requiring and regulatory processes. Now NADH and FADH2 both function as electron carriers. NADH has higher energy electrons. [00:01:53.74] There's not enough ener ...
Document
... shuttles them into the mitochondrion. These electrons then reduce FAD at the inner membrane, forming FADH2 which can transfer the electrons to a carrier of the electron-transport chain. ...
... shuttles them into the mitochondrion. These electrons then reduce FAD at the inner membrane, forming FADH2 which can transfer the electrons to a carrier of the electron-transport chain. ...
Bio 101
... » Hypotonic- A solution with a lower [ ] of solutes in it than the surrounding solution is said to be hypotonic to its solution » Isotonic- the [ ] of solute is the same on both sides of the membrane » In all of the solutions, water will cross the s.p. membrane to reach equal concentrations. The di ...
... » Hypotonic- A solution with a lower [ ] of solutes in it than the surrounding solution is said to be hypotonic to its solution » Isotonic- the [ ] of solute is the same on both sides of the membrane » In all of the solutions, water will cross the s.p. membrane to reach equal concentrations. The di ...
Stryer An overview of the citric acid cycle
... 2) the respiratory chain as an energy source 3) oxidative phosphorylation and uncouplers 4) membrane transporters and shuttles a) cytosolic NADH oxidation ...
... 2) the respiratory chain as an energy source 3) oxidative phosphorylation and uncouplers 4) membrane transporters and shuttles a) cytosolic NADH oxidation ...
Cellular Respiration
... Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondia Sometimes called the krebs cycle because it was named for sir Hans Krebs who described the reaction in the 1930s. Begins by the addition of a 2-carbon acetyl group to a 4-carbon molecule forming a 6-carbon citric acid molecule In the reactions that follow, at ...
... Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondia Sometimes called the krebs cycle because it was named for sir Hans Krebs who described the reaction in the 1930s. Begins by the addition of a 2-carbon acetyl group to a 4-carbon molecule forming a 6-carbon citric acid molecule In the reactions that follow, at ...
How many molecules of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) can be
... List molecules, coenzymes, and ions that serve as electron carriers in cellular oxidation-reduction reactions. Name enzymes that use these molecules, coenzymes, and ions in catalysis. ...
... List molecules, coenzymes, and ions that serve as electron carriers in cellular oxidation-reduction reactions. Name enzymes that use these molecules, coenzymes, and ions in catalysis. ...
Enduring Understanding: Growth, reproduction and maintenance of
... MITOCHONDRION Ethanol or lactate ...
... MITOCHONDRION Ethanol or lactate ...
CHE 4310 Fall 2011
... 2. Show the three reactions in the citric acid cycle in which NADH is produced, including the structures. None of these reactions involves molecular oxygen (O2), but all three reactions are strongly inhibited by anaerobic conditions; explain why. ...
... 2. Show the three reactions in the citric acid cycle in which NADH is produced, including the structures. None of these reactions involves molecular oxygen (O2), but all three reactions are strongly inhibited by anaerobic conditions; explain why. ...
CHE 4310 Fall 2011
... 2. Show the three reactions in the citric acid cycle in which NADH is produced, including the structures. None of these reactions involves molecular oxygen (O2), but all three reactions are strongly inhibited by anaerobic conditions; explain why. ...
... 2. Show the three reactions in the citric acid cycle in which NADH is produced, including the structures. None of these reactions involves molecular oxygen (O2), but all three reactions are strongly inhibited by anaerobic conditions; explain why. ...
Aim: What is fermentation?
... either fermentation or respiration. •At a cellular level, human muscle cells can behave as facultative anaerobes, but nerve cells cannot. •For facultative anaerobes, pyruvate is a fork in the metabolic road that leads to two alternative routes. ...
... either fermentation or respiration. •At a cellular level, human muscle cells can behave as facultative anaerobes, but nerve cells cannot. •For facultative anaerobes, pyruvate is a fork in the metabolic road that leads to two alternative routes. ...
Unit 2 Test Review
... Stage 4: Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis o NADH and FADH2 travel to the inner mitochondrial membrane and give up their extra 2 electrons (which always travel in pairs) to the first (NADH) or second (FADH2) protein embedded in the membrane. These electrons travel along all the proteins in t ...
... Stage 4: Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis o NADH and FADH2 travel to the inner mitochondrial membrane and give up their extra 2 electrons (which always travel in pairs) to the first (NADH) or second (FADH2) protein embedded in the membrane. These electrons travel along all the proteins in t ...
acetyl CoA
... • Remember that the citric acid cycle processes two molecules of acetyl CoA for each initial glucose. • Thus, after two turns of the citric acid cycle, the overall yield per glucose molecule is – 2 ATP, – 6 NADH, and – 2 FADH2. ...
... • Remember that the citric acid cycle processes two molecules of acetyl CoA for each initial glucose. • Thus, after two turns of the citric acid cycle, the overall yield per glucose molecule is – 2 ATP, – 6 NADH, and – 2 FADH2. ...
Cellular Respiration - Home - Mrs. Guida's AP Biology Class
... Harvesting Energy • Autotrophs vs Heterotrophs • Cellular Respiration- the oxidation of organic compounds to extract energy from chemical bonds ...
... Harvesting Energy • Autotrophs vs Heterotrophs • Cellular Respiration- the oxidation of organic compounds to extract energy from chemical bonds ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.