AP Biology
... 2. Use the following terms correctly in a sentence: redox reactions, oxidation, reduction, reducing agent and oxidizing agent. ...
... 2. Use the following terms correctly in a sentence: redox reactions, oxidation, reduction, reducing agent and oxidizing agent. ...
Micro 071023
... 3 or 4 protons flowing through turns c proteins enough to change conformation of b protein 1 ATP ...
... 3 or 4 protons flowing through turns c proteins enough to change conformation of b protein 1 ATP ...
PDF 2/page
... About half of the released energy (∆G' º = –61.9 kJ/mol) is captured in the formation of ATP (∆G' º = –30.5 kJ/mol), the rest (net ∆G' º = –31.4 kJ/mol) constitutes a driving force to “pull” the reaction forward. ...
... About half of the released energy (∆G' º = –61.9 kJ/mol) is captured in the formation of ATP (∆G' º = –30.5 kJ/mol), the rest (net ∆G' º = –31.4 kJ/mol) constitutes a driving force to “pull” the reaction forward. ...
C483 Study Guide for Exam 2 Fall 2015 Basic Information Exam 3
... o Thermodynamics of each step, qualitative and quantitative o Major regulation steps; reciprocal regulation strategies o Points of interconnection between pathways o Amount of ATP/reduced cofactor produced in each step o Cofactors needed for transformation o Arrow mechanisms if mechanism is given in ...
... o Thermodynamics of each step, qualitative and quantitative o Major regulation steps; reciprocal regulation strategies o Points of interconnection between pathways o Amount of ATP/reduced cofactor produced in each step o Cofactors needed for transformation o Arrow mechanisms if mechanism is given in ...
Chapter 9 Study Guide
... a. has a stable phosphate bond b. has been formed by the reaction ADP + P → ATP c. has an increased reactivity; it is primed to do work. d. has been oxidized e. will pass its electrons to the electron transport chain. ______16. Which of the following is not true of oxidative Phosphorylation? a. It p ...
... a. has a stable phosphate bond b. has been formed by the reaction ADP + P → ATP c. has an increased reactivity; it is primed to do work. d. has been oxidized e. will pass its electrons to the electron transport chain. ______16. Which of the following is not true of oxidative Phosphorylation? a. It p ...
How do cells regulate the speed of reactions?
... - occurs in mitochondria (of eukaryotes) - pyruvic acid is oxidized - one C atom is removed & leaves as CO2 - coenzyme A is added to modified ...
... - occurs in mitochondria (of eukaryotes) - pyruvic acid is oxidized - one C atom is removed & leaves as CO2 - coenzyme A is added to modified ...
pentose phosphate pathway
... AMP concentration is more sensitive indicator of cell’s energetic state than is [ATP] AMP-activated protein kinase - regulated by [AMP] - A reduced nutrient supply or by increase exercise cause the rise in [AMP] - increase glucose uptake, activates glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation - suppress ener ...
... AMP concentration is more sensitive indicator of cell’s energetic state than is [ATP] AMP-activated protein kinase - regulated by [AMP] - A reduced nutrient supply or by increase exercise cause the rise in [AMP] - increase glucose uptake, activates glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation - suppress ener ...
Document
... De novo synthesis of purines begins with the metabolic precursors like amino acids, ribose-5-phosphate, CO2 and NH3. ...
... De novo synthesis of purines begins with the metabolic precursors like amino acids, ribose-5-phosphate, CO2 and NH3. ...
Chapter 6 Cellular Energy
... 40% of the energy from glucose is used in the cells 60% of the energy is lost as heat ...
... 40% of the energy from glucose is used in the cells 60% of the energy is lost as heat ...
Problem Set 2 (multiple choice) Biochemistry 3300 1. What classes
... d) Organisms use metabolic processes to obtain the free energy they need to carry out various functions. e) Chemotrophs rely on chemical compounds derived from other organisms. 6. The imidazole side chain of histidine can function as either a general acid catalyst or a general base catalyst because: ...
... d) Organisms use metabolic processes to obtain the free energy they need to carry out various functions. e) Chemotrophs rely on chemical compounds derived from other organisms. 6. The imidazole side chain of histidine can function as either a general acid catalyst or a general base catalyst because: ...
Fermentation - mvhs
... Fermentation • Occurs when there is no oxygen available • allows some cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen – ATP yield would be lower, though. Do you know why? – Only glycolysis is carried out– only 2 ATP produced. ...
... Fermentation • Occurs when there is no oxygen available • allows some cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen – ATP yield would be lower, though. Do you know why? – Only glycolysis is carried out– only 2 ATP produced. ...
FERMENTATION: an anaerobic biological reaction process in which
... glycolysis, fatty acid breakdown, the Krebs (citric acid cycle) and electron transport As a result of many control mechanisms, the body oxidizes fats and sugars 5-10 times more rapidly during a period of strenuous exercise than during a period of rest ...
... glycolysis, fatty acid breakdown, the Krebs (citric acid cycle) and electron transport As a result of many control mechanisms, the body oxidizes fats and sugars 5-10 times more rapidly during a period of strenuous exercise than during a period of rest ...
Lecture 7
... integrated through a group of common intermediates. • Both anabolic and catabolic reactions also share some metabolic pathways, such as Krebs • Such integrated metabolic pathways are referred to as amphibolic pathways. ...
... integrated through a group of common intermediates. • Both anabolic and catabolic reactions also share some metabolic pathways, such as Krebs • Such integrated metabolic pathways are referred to as amphibolic pathways. ...
supplementary material
... (rotenone-sensitive NADH dehydrogenase) activity was assayed at 340 nm using the electron acceptor 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-n-decyl-1,4-benzoquinone (0.1 mM) and 0.25 mM NADH as electron donor, in the presence of 1 mM KCN. The addition of 5 M rotenone allowed us to determine the rotenone-sensitive ...
... (rotenone-sensitive NADH dehydrogenase) activity was assayed at 340 nm using the electron acceptor 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-n-decyl-1,4-benzoquinone (0.1 mM) and 0.25 mM NADH as electron donor, in the presence of 1 mM KCN. The addition of 5 M rotenone allowed us to determine the rotenone-sensitive ...
lec33_2013 - Andrew.cmu.edu
... How the motor works: Every time three proton move through the complex, the subunit rotates 120°. The rotation of subunit changes the conformation of the β-subunits such that the Gibbs energy of the bound ADP + Pi becomes higher than the energy of ATP, thus ATP forms spontaneously from the bo ...
... How the motor works: Every time three proton move through the complex, the subunit rotates 120°. The rotation of subunit changes the conformation of the β-subunits such that the Gibbs energy of the bound ADP + Pi becomes higher than the energy of ATP, thus ATP forms spontaneously from the bo ...
Micronutrient Cofactors
... Too much raw egg can cause vitamin B7 deficiency Avidin produced in egg whites binds with biotin with affinity ...
... Too much raw egg can cause vitamin B7 deficiency Avidin produced in egg whites binds with biotin with affinity ...
enzymes - MBBS Students Club
... • Biological catalysts which speed up the rate of reaction without becoming part of the reaction but themselves cannot initiate any chemical reaction • Enzymes : First name is of substrate second, ending in “ASE” indicating type of reaction catalyzed • Clarify the reaction , e.g. ...
... • Biological catalysts which speed up the rate of reaction without becoming part of the reaction but themselves cannot initiate any chemical reaction • Enzymes : First name is of substrate second, ending in “ASE” indicating type of reaction catalyzed • Clarify the reaction , e.g. ...
ENZYMES - Rihs.com.pk
... • Biological catalysts which speed up the rate of reaction without becoming part of the reaction but themselves cannot initiate any chemical reaction • Enzymes : First name is of substrate second, ending in “ASE” indicating type of reaction catalyzed • Clarify the reaction , e.g. ...
... • Biological catalysts which speed up the rate of reaction without becoming part of the reaction but themselves cannot initiate any chemical reaction • Enzymes : First name is of substrate second, ending in “ASE” indicating type of reaction catalyzed • Clarify the reaction , e.g. ...
doc 3.5.2 respiration notes Student notes for section 3.5.2
... A coenzyme is a substance which is required by an enzyme in order for it to function. In many oxidation reactions in cells hydrogen atoms are removed from a substance and transferred temporarily to coenzymes which can then transfer them on to other substances. The 3 that you need to know are:Nicotin ...
... A coenzyme is a substance which is required by an enzyme in order for it to function. In many oxidation reactions in cells hydrogen atoms are removed from a substance and transferred temporarily to coenzymes which can then transfer them on to other substances. The 3 that you need to know are:Nicotin ...
Document
... another rxn that requires energy to proceed. • Transfer of a phosphate group from high energy phosphorylated compounds can activate a substrate or intermediate of an energy requiring rxn. A-P + ADP -> A + ATP, ATP +C-> ADP + C-P • The ability of a phosphorylated compound to transfer a phosphoryl gro ...
... another rxn that requires energy to proceed. • Transfer of a phosphate group from high energy phosphorylated compounds can activate a substrate or intermediate of an energy requiring rxn. A-P + ADP -> A + ATP, ATP +C-> ADP + C-P • The ability of a phosphorylated compound to transfer a phosphoryl gro ...
adenine dinucleotide (phos- Nicotinamide phate) glycohydrolase (NAD(P)ase; E.C. 3.2.2.6)
... The defect in NAD(P)ase synthesis of the osmotic mutants and the one present in the NAD(P)ase-deficient nada mutant were different. With one exception (os-1), which produced few conidia), the osmotic mutants exhibited wild-type levels of NAD(P)ase activity in aerial hyphae and conidia, while the enz ...
... The defect in NAD(P)ase synthesis of the osmotic mutants and the one present in the NAD(P)ase-deficient nada mutant were different. With one exception (os-1), which produced few conidia), the osmotic mutants exhibited wild-type levels of NAD(P)ase activity in aerial hyphae and conidia, while the enz ...
BCHM 463 Supplemental Problems for Friday, April 9, 2004 1. a
... 7. Compare the relative efficiencies (in ATP’s per glucose oxidized) of glucose oxidation via glycolysis + the citric acid cycle vs. glucose oxidation via the pentose phosphate pathway + glycolysis. (Assume that NADH and NADPH are each equivalent to three ATPs and that FADH is equivalent to 2 ATPs.) ...
... 7. Compare the relative efficiencies (in ATP’s per glucose oxidized) of glucose oxidation via glycolysis + the citric acid cycle vs. glucose oxidation via the pentose phosphate pathway + glycolysis. (Assume that NADH and NADPH are each equivalent to three ATPs and that FADH is equivalent to 2 ATPs.) ...
L3 - Bacterial Metabolism v3
... • Photosynthetic organisms obtain energy from… • Chemoorganotrophs obtain energy from….. ...
... • Photosynthetic organisms obtain energy from… • Chemoorganotrophs obtain energy from….. ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.