Bio102 Problems
... 12. In our discussions of oxidative phosphorylation, we mainly discussed the mitochondrial inner membrane. Prokaryotes can also carry out electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation, but prokaryotes have no mitochondria. How does oxidative phosphorylation in prokaryotes happen without a mitocho ...
... 12. In our discussions of oxidative phosphorylation, we mainly discussed the mitochondrial inner membrane. Prokaryotes can also carry out electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation, but prokaryotes have no mitochondria. How does oxidative phosphorylation in prokaryotes happen without a mitocho ...
Document
... In most aerobic organisms, pyruvate continues in the formation of Acetyl CoA and NADH that follows into the Krebs cycle and ...
... In most aerobic organisms, pyruvate continues in the formation of Acetyl CoA and NADH that follows into the Krebs cycle and ...
UNIT 7 Metabolism and generation of ATP
... 4.5 Reduced electron carriers donate their electrons to acceptor molecules and become reoxidized in the process. The acceptor molecules are reduced because the oxidation of one species (e.g., the reduced electron carrier) cannot occur without the simultaneous reduction of another species (e.g., the ...
... 4.5 Reduced electron carriers donate their electrons to acceptor molecules and become reoxidized in the process. The acceptor molecules are reduced because the oxidation of one species (e.g., the reduced electron carrier) cannot occur without the simultaneous reduction of another species (e.g., the ...
Biochemistry I, Spring Term 2000 - Third Exam
... Both are involved with the control of metabolic pathways. The first describes inhibition directly by the product, the other describes inhibition by a metabolite, intermediate, or final product further down the pathway. ii) What are the similarities and differences between substrate level phosphoryla ...
... Both are involved with the control of metabolic pathways. The first describes inhibition directly by the product, the other describes inhibition by a metabolite, intermediate, or final product further down the pathway. ii) What are the similarities and differences between substrate level phosphoryla ...
Outline05 Enzymes - Napa Valley College
... total of all chemical reactions in the body catabolic reactions - break down large molecules into smaller ones anabolic reactions - build larger molecules from smaller ones (synthesis) exergonic reactions release energy endergonic reactions require energy Major classes of metabolic reactions: 1. H ...
... total of all chemical reactions in the body catabolic reactions - break down large molecules into smaller ones anabolic reactions - build larger molecules from smaller ones (synthesis) exergonic reactions release energy endergonic reactions require energy Major classes of metabolic reactions: 1. H ...
Lecture 20
... Isozymes: Enzymes that catalyze the same reaction but are different in their kinetic behavior Tissue specific Glucokinase- Liver controls blood glucose levels. Hexokinase in muscle - allosteric inhibition by ATP Hexokinase in brain - NO allosteric inhibition by ATP ...
... Isozymes: Enzymes that catalyze the same reaction but are different in their kinetic behavior Tissue specific Glucokinase- Liver controls blood glucose levels. Hexokinase in muscle - allosteric inhibition by ATP Hexokinase in brain - NO allosteric inhibition by ATP ...
Chem 365 Problem set 10 answer key 1. Ketone bodies are formed
... dehydrogenase in the mitochondria of the liver if there is a large amount of NADH present in the liver (high energy conditions). Ketone bodies serve as a fuel for cardiac and skeletal muscles, as well as the central nervous system, during starvation and insulin deficiency when glucose is in short su ...
... dehydrogenase in the mitochondria of the liver if there is a large amount of NADH present in the liver (high energy conditions). Ketone bodies serve as a fuel for cardiac and skeletal muscles, as well as the central nervous system, during starvation and insulin deficiency when glucose is in short su ...
CHAPTER 5 CELLULAR RESPIRATION
... OCCURS IN CYTOPLASM (CYTOSOL) GLUCOSE BROKEN DOWN INTO 2 PYRUVATE (PYRUVIC ACID) 2 MOLECULES OF NADH ARE FORMED (FROM NAD+) 2 MOLECULES OF ATP ARE FORMED (4 PRODUCED MINUS 2 USED TO START THE PROCESS) ...
... OCCURS IN CYTOPLASM (CYTOSOL) GLUCOSE BROKEN DOWN INTO 2 PYRUVATE (PYRUVIC ACID) 2 MOLECULES OF NADH ARE FORMED (FROM NAD+) 2 MOLECULES OF ATP ARE FORMED (4 PRODUCED MINUS 2 USED TO START THE PROCESS) ...
Basic Concepts of Cellular Metabolism and Bioenergetics
... One can introduce radiolabeled materials and measure any labeled waste products. Tissue slices and cells. These have been used to uncover metabolic details. The citric acid cycle was characterized using this approach. ...
... One can introduce radiolabeled materials and measure any labeled waste products. Tissue slices and cells. These have been used to uncover metabolic details. The citric acid cycle was characterized using this approach. ...
Welcome to Class 8 - (canvas.brown.edu).
... About half of the released energy (∆G' º = –61.9 kJ/mol) is captured in the formation of ATP (∆G' º = –30.5 kJ/mol), the rest (net ∆G' º = –31.4 kJ/mol) constitutes a driving force to “pull” the reaction forward.! ...
... About half of the released energy (∆G' º = –61.9 kJ/mol) is captured in the formation of ATP (∆G' º = –30.5 kJ/mol), the rest (net ∆G' º = –31.4 kJ/mol) constitutes a driving force to “pull” the reaction forward.! ...
Welcome to Class 8
... Example: The ratio NAD+/NADH is kept high in the cell. This makes E more positive than E' º (makes the couple a stronger oxidant than if [NAD+] = [NADH]) and favors the reaction direction NAD+ + H+ → NADH (ΔG is more negative than ΔG' º)! ...
... Example: The ratio NAD+/NADH is kept high in the cell. This makes E more positive than E' º (makes the couple a stronger oxidant than if [NAD+] = [NADH]) and favors the reaction direction NAD+ + H+ → NADH (ΔG is more negative than ΔG' º)! ...
Xenobiotic
... R-H + O2 + NADPH + H+ R-OH + H2O + NADP+ • substrate R-H reacts with O2 • monooxygenase = from O2 one atom O is inserted into substrate (between carbon and hydrogen atom) • the second O atom makes H2O, 2H come from NADPH+H+ • dioxygen is reduced to -OH group and water ...
... R-H + O2 + NADPH + H+ R-OH + H2O + NADP+ • substrate R-H reacts with O2 • monooxygenase = from O2 one atom O is inserted into substrate (between carbon and hydrogen atom) • the second O atom makes H2O, 2H come from NADPH+H+ • dioxygen is reduced to -OH group and water ...
Fall `94
... 3. (4) In a mammalian electron transport system, electrons are donated from ________ to complex I; the enzyme that binds and oxidizes the cofactor is called ____________________ _________________. The electrons pass through complex I and reduce a lipid soluble mobile carrier called ________________ ...
... 3. (4) In a mammalian electron transport system, electrons are donated from ________ to complex I; the enzyme that binds and oxidizes the cofactor is called ____________________ _________________. The electrons pass through complex I and reduce a lipid soluble mobile carrier called ________________ ...
Other ways to make ATP
... electrons passed down e- transport chain to some molecule other than oxygen (e.g. NO3-, SO4-2). – Organic molecules like glucose still source of energy – Just like aerobic respiration but w/o O2 – basis for lab identification test ...
... electrons passed down e- transport chain to some molecule other than oxygen (e.g. NO3-, SO4-2). – Organic molecules like glucose still source of energy – Just like aerobic respiration but w/o O2 – basis for lab identification test ...
Chapter 1 - TeacherWeb
... Cellular respiration – name four phases, starting reactants/ending products of each phase, location of each process, general understanding of each process, number of ATP & product at each stage produced by 1 glucose molecule Role of NAD+, FAD, Coenzyme A Similarities and differences between aerobic ...
... Cellular respiration – name four phases, starting reactants/ending products of each phase, location of each process, general understanding of each process, number of ATP & product at each stage produced by 1 glucose molecule Role of NAD+, FAD, Coenzyme A Similarities and differences between aerobic ...
Chapter 16.3: Anaerobic Respiration
... – Reoxygenation of hemoglobin in the blood – High metabolic rate (as many organs are operating at above resting levels) ...
... – Reoxygenation of hemoglobin in the blood – High metabolic rate (as many organs are operating at above resting levels) ...
Glycolysis in the Cytoplasm
... 1. Glycolysis I - Energy Investment Phase ATP is used to split the 6-carbon molecule into two 3-carbon molecules 2. Glycolysis II - Energy Payoff Phase 2 ATP are produced and 2 molecules of the electron carrier NADH + H+ along with 2 molecules of pyruvate Pyruvate is an important branch point in met ...
... 1. Glycolysis I - Energy Investment Phase ATP is used to split the 6-carbon molecule into two 3-carbon molecules 2. Glycolysis II - Energy Payoff Phase 2 ATP are produced and 2 molecules of the electron carrier NADH + H+ along with 2 molecules of pyruvate Pyruvate is an important branch point in met ...
Methemoglobinemia: What really is in the drinking water in
... NADH Diaphorase is the enzyme that uses NADH as the reducing agent. Without the use of this enzyme, the iron molecule in methemoglobin can not be reduced to hemoglobin, the state in which O2 is transported in the blood. ...
... NADH Diaphorase is the enzyme that uses NADH as the reducing agent. Without the use of this enzyme, the iron molecule in methemoglobin can not be reduced to hemoglobin, the state in which O2 is transported in the blood. ...
Interfering with enzymes (poisons and drugs)
... • “A non-protein organic molecule that forms a permanent part of a functioning protein molecule.” • E.g. zinc-based prosthetic group in carbonic anhydrase – where have we met this enzyme? ...
... • “A non-protein organic molecule that forms a permanent part of a functioning protein molecule.” • E.g. zinc-based prosthetic group in carbonic anhydrase – where have we met this enzyme? ...
Chapter 7 Study Guide
... anabolism, synthetic reactions that convert small molecules into large molecules, and catabolism, in which large molecules are degraded and energy is produced. Metabolism is made possible by organic catalysts, or enzymes, that speed up reactions to rates compatible with biological processes. Enzymes ...
... anabolism, synthetic reactions that convert small molecules into large molecules, and catabolism, in which large molecules are degraded and energy is produced. Metabolism is made possible by organic catalysts, or enzymes, that speed up reactions to rates compatible with biological processes. Enzymes ...
complete
... Glycogen synthase – active when dephosphorylated, inactive when phosphorylated; insulin vs. glucagon ...
... Glycogen synthase – active when dephosphorylated, inactive when phosphorylated; insulin vs. glucagon ...
Assignment 6 Cell Respiration
... transfer this energy into the molecule called Adenosine Tri-Phosphate (ATP). The processes involved are Glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) (also called the electron transport system or shuttle (ETS)). Glycolysis occurs as a series of enzymatically driven steps (10) w ...
... transfer this energy into the molecule called Adenosine Tri-Phosphate (ATP). The processes involved are Glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) (also called the electron transport system or shuttle (ETS)). Glycolysis occurs as a series of enzymatically driven steps (10) w ...
Cell Physiology
... Members of the Transport Chain • Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) – derivative of riboflavin similar to FAD – bound to a membrane protein FMN accepts electrons from NADH ...
... Members of the Transport Chain • Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) – derivative of riboflavin similar to FAD – bound to a membrane protein FMN accepts electrons from NADH ...
Chapter 8 Worksheet
... The 1(final, second) stage of cellular respiration is the electron transport chain and synthesis of 2(glucose, ATP) by a process called 3(oxidative phosphorylation, active transport). The electron transport chain ...
... The 1(final, second) stage of cellular respiration is the electron transport chain and synthesis of 2(glucose, ATP) by a process called 3(oxidative phosphorylation, active transport). The electron transport chain ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.