Use of Reduced Carbon Compounds
... With sources of the basic chemical building blocks: C, N, O, S, & P most bacteria can synthesize all 20 commonly appearing amino acids the 5 nucleic acid bases as well as the lipids and simple sugars --- this broad spectrum synthetic ability is what has freed the more complex life forms from much of ...
... With sources of the basic chemical building blocks: C, N, O, S, & P most bacteria can synthesize all 20 commonly appearing amino acids the 5 nucleic acid bases as well as the lipids and simple sugars --- this broad spectrum synthetic ability is what has freed the more complex life forms from much of ...
Chapter 9.5 and 9.6
... The body can use smaller molecules from food directly or use them to build other substances through glycolysis or the citric acid cycle. Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle function as metabolic interchanges that enable cells to convert some kinds of molecules to others as we need them. ...
... The body can use smaller molecules from food directly or use them to build other substances through glycolysis or the citric acid cycle. Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle function as metabolic interchanges that enable cells to convert some kinds of molecules to others as we need them. ...
Camp 1 - University of California, Santa Cruz
... • heme is converted to bilirubin in spleen removed from blood (liver) • then transferred to gallbladder (stored in the bile) • finally excreted in the feces. • When balance upset [high bilirubin] in blood jaundice: (yellowing of face and eyes) • indicates Liver, spleen or gallbladder complicat ...
... • heme is converted to bilirubin in spleen removed from blood (liver) • then transferred to gallbladder (stored in the bile) • finally excreted in the feces. • When balance upset [high bilirubin] in blood jaundice: (yellowing of face and eyes) • indicates Liver, spleen or gallbladder complicat ...
Here
... into some end product with no further release of energy (no more ATP formed) This is called fermentation Examples: In plant cells, the end result is ethyl alcohol. In animal cells, it is lactic acid. In fermentation, pyruvic acid acts as an electron acceptor. They get these electrons from NADH ...
... into some end product with no further release of energy (no more ATP formed) This is called fermentation Examples: In plant cells, the end result is ethyl alcohol. In animal cells, it is lactic acid. In fermentation, pyruvic acid acts as an electron acceptor. They get these electrons from NADH ...
Alcohol Metabolism
... o is rate-limiting factor (limits EtOH metabolism to about 8g/h) o leads to competition between EtOH and other metabolic substrates for available NAD+, which may be factor in EtOH-induced liver damage accumulation of acetaldehyde (intermediate metabolite) contributes to hepatotoxicity and is assoc ...
... o is rate-limiting factor (limits EtOH metabolism to about 8g/h) o leads to competition between EtOH and other metabolic substrates for available NAD+, which may be factor in EtOH-induced liver damage accumulation of acetaldehyde (intermediate metabolite) contributes to hepatotoxicity and is assoc ...
Title
... The movement of electrons from NADH to O2 by electron transport: a) has negative free energy b) drives protons across the mitochondrial inner membrane creating a proton motive force c) results in ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation d) all of the above e) none of the above A pyruvate is turne ...
... The movement of electrons from NADH to O2 by electron transport: a) has negative free energy b) drives protons across the mitochondrial inner membrane creating a proton motive force c) results in ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation d) all of the above e) none of the above A pyruvate is turne ...
Cellular Respiration
... time 2 high-energy electrons transport down the electron transport chain, their energy is used to transport hydrogen ions (H+) across the membrane H+ build up in the intermembrane space, making it positively charged The other side of the membrane is negatively charge ...
... time 2 high-energy electrons transport down the electron transport chain, their energy is used to transport hydrogen ions (H+) across the membrane H+ build up in the intermembrane space, making it positively charged The other side of the membrane is negatively charge ...
ENERGETICS
... Occurs in the cristae of mitochondrion. Electrons from NADH & FADH2 are passed (like a hot potato) through a chain of cytochrome molecules. This regenerates NAD+ and FAD so that they can be reused in glycolysis and Kreb’s cycle. ...
... Occurs in the cristae of mitochondrion. Electrons from NADH & FADH2 are passed (like a hot potato) through a chain of cytochrome molecules. This regenerates NAD+ and FAD so that they can be reused in glycolysis and Kreb’s cycle. ...
ATP - MindMeister
... ETS (cytochrome chain) is a series of reduction/oxidation reactions Enzymes embedded in mitochondrial membranes ...
... ETS (cytochrome chain) is a series of reduction/oxidation reactions Enzymes embedded in mitochondrial membranes ...
Cell Physiology
... Binding of a molecule to a site other than the active site may result in an enzyme conformational change that either turns the enzyme “on or off” If the modulator is bound by non-covalent forces; it is allosteric modulation (the most common type); if bound covalently, it is covalent modulation (wh ...
... Binding of a molecule to a site other than the active site may result in an enzyme conformational change that either turns the enzyme “on or off” If the modulator is bound by non-covalent forces; it is allosteric modulation (the most common type); if bound covalently, it is covalent modulation (wh ...
Citric Acid Cycle 1 - Indiana University
... C) produce a citrate molecule D) produce 8 ATP for every pass through the cycle. E) More than one of the above 2. The order of prosthetic groups as they act in the three proteins of the PDH(pyruvate dehydrogenase) complex is: A) FAD → thiamine pyrophosphate → NAD+ B) FAD → thiamine pyrophosphate → d ...
... C) produce a citrate molecule D) produce 8 ATP for every pass through the cycle. E) More than one of the above 2. The order of prosthetic groups as they act in the three proteins of the PDH(pyruvate dehydrogenase) complex is: A) FAD → thiamine pyrophosphate → NAD+ B) FAD → thiamine pyrophosphate → d ...
Citric Acid Cycle 1
... C) produce a citrate molecule D) produce 8 ATP for every pass through the cycle. E) More than one of the above 2. The order of prosthetic groups as they act in the three proteins of the PDH(pyruvate dehydrogenase) complex is: A) FAD → thiamine pyrophosphate → NAD+ B) FAD → thiamine pyrophosphate → ...
... C) produce a citrate molecule D) produce 8 ATP for every pass through the cycle. E) More than one of the above 2. The order of prosthetic groups as they act in the three proteins of the PDH(pyruvate dehydrogenase) complex is: A) FAD → thiamine pyrophosphate → NAD+ B) FAD → thiamine pyrophosphate → ...
Lecture 17 Glycolysis (continued) Recap Phases: priming: glucose
... ΔGo’ =+6.3 kJ/mol ΔG’ = -1.29 kJ/mol Near equilibrium: not regulated Note that the acid C is oxidized (from aldehyde to acid) Reaction 7 ΔGo’ =-18.9 kJ/mol ΔG’ = +0.1 kJ/mol Near equilibrium: not regulated Note “substrate level phosphorylation” of ADP Reaction 8 ΔGo’ =+4.4 kJ/mol ΔG’ = +0.83 kJ/mol ...
... ΔGo’ =+6.3 kJ/mol ΔG’ = -1.29 kJ/mol Near equilibrium: not regulated Note that the acid C is oxidized (from aldehyde to acid) Reaction 7 ΔGo’ =-18.9 kJ/mol ΔG’ = +0.1 kJ/mol Near equilibrium: not regulated Note “substrate level phosphorylation” of ADP Reaction 8 ΔGo’ =+4.4 kJ/mol ΔG’ = +0.83 kJ/mol ...
Recitation Presentation #7 - McKenna`s MBios 303 Archive Site
... Redox reactions are always paired! ...
... Redox reactions are always paired! ...
Document
... ETS (cytochrome chain) is a series of reduction/oxidation reactions Enzymes embedded in mitochondrial membranes ...
... ETS (cytochrome chain) is a series of reduction/oxidation reactions Enzymes embedded in mitochondrial membranes ...
Cell Respiration Cellular Respiration Aerobic Respiration Aerobic
... • Fatty acids are converted into acetyl-CoA • Large amounts of ATP produced per fatty acid ...
... • Fatty acids are converted into acetyl-CoA • Large amounts of ATP produced per fatty acid ...
PowerPoint
... • 3 CO2, 1 GTP, 4 NADH and 1 FADH2 produced for each pyruvate molecule. • Total: 6CO2, 2 GTP, 8 NADH, 2FADH2 ...
... • 3 CO2, 1 GTP, 4 NADH and 1 FADH2 produced for each pyruvate molecule. • Total: 6CO2, 2 GTP, 8 NADH, 2FADH2 ...
Nucleic Acids
... What you need to know! • The difference between fermentation and cellular respiration. ...
... What you need to know! • The difference between fermentation and cellular respiration. ...
Kreb`s Cycle
... – Impt to both catabolism (breakdown) and anabolism (build-up) of cell’s mol’s – Catabolism of carbohydrates, FA’s, aa’s through pyruvate, acetylCoA Kreb’s ATP ...
... – Impt to both catabolism (breakdown) and anabolism (build-up) of cell’s mol’s – Catabolism of carbohydrates, FA’s, aa’s through pyruvate, acetylCoA Kreb’s ATP ...
Cellular Respiration 3 Parts Glycolysis Kreb`s Cycle
... autotrophs nor heterotrophs can utilize the energy of the carbohydrate as it is. Both types of organisms must convert the carbohydrate to ATP, the energy currency of the cell, in order to carry out metabolic activity. ...
... autotrophs nor heterotrophs can utilize the energy of the carbohydrate as it is. Both types of organisms must convert the carbohydrate to ATP, the energy currency of the cell, in order to carry out metabolic activity. ...
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... generate three-carbon compounds that can be utilized by other pathways. The final product of aerobic glycolysis is pyruvate. Pyruvate can be metabolized by pyruvate dehydrogenase to form acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA). Under conditions where energy is needed, acetyl CoA is metabolized by the Krebs c ...
... generate three-carbon compounds that can be utilized by other pathways. The final product of aerobic glycolysis is pyruvate. Pyruvate can be metabolized by pyruvate dehydrogenase to form acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA). Under conditions where energy is needed, acetyl CoA is metabolized by the Krebs c ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.