fermentation & evolution
... reduced directly by NADH to form lactate (ionized form of lactic acid). • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt. • Muscle cells switch from aerobic respiration to lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce. • The waste product, lactate, ...
... reduced directly by NADH to form lactate (ionized form of lactic acid). • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt. • Muscle cells switch from aerobic respiration to lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce. • The waste product, lactate, ...
Krebs (Citric Acid) Cycle
... acid cycle occurs in the cytoplasm; in eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria. The Krebs Cycle is the source for the precursors of many molecules, so it is an amphibolic pathway (meaning it is both anabolic and catabolic). ...
... acid cycle occurs in the cytoplasm; in eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria. The Krebs Cycle is the source for the precursors of many molecules, so it is an amphibolic pathway (meaning it is both anabolic and catabolic). ...
Review Questions for Respiration
... Circle the correct answer. 1. NAD+ is a (reactant/product) of glycolysis. 2. NAD+ is a (reactant/product) of the link reaction (or the oxidation of pyruvate). 3. NAD+ is a (reactant/product) of the ETC. 4. NAD+ is a (reactant/product) of the Krebs cycle. 5. Water is a (reactant/product) of the ETC. ...
... Circle the correct answer. 1. NAD+ is a (reactant/product) of glycolysis. 2. NAD+ is a (reactant/product) of the link reaction (or the oxidation of pyruvate). 3. NAD+ is a (reactant/product) of the ETC. 4. NAD+ is a (reactant/product) of the Krebs cycle. 5. Water is a (reactant/product) of the ETC. ...
Document
... The electrons are extracted from the cofactors by reoxidation and then join the electron-transport chain, in this process, protons are expelled from the mitochondrion. The free energy stored in the resulting pH gradient drives the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi (inorganic phosphate) through oxida ...
... The electrons are extracted from the cofactors by reoxidation and then join the electron-transport chain, in this process, protons are expelled from the mitochondrion. The free energy stored in the resulting pH gradient drives the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi (inorganic phosphate) through oxida ...
Cellular Respiration
... – cheese Lactic acid production causes: – muscle cramps – soreness – stiffness – fatigue These are all signs of oxygen debt in the muscles. ...
... – cheese Lactic acid production causes: – muscle cramps – soreness – stiffness – fatigue These are all signs of oxygen debt in the muscles. ...
lecture notes-metabolism pathways-web
... - Overview of metabolism pathways - Categories: Degradation of nutrients: carbohydrate, nitrogen compounds, lipids and nucleic acids. Biosynthesis of small molecules, such as building blocks for biopolymers. amino acids, nucleotides, fatty acids and sugars Biosynthesis of large molecules glycan, gly ...
... - Overview of metabolism pathways - Categories: Degradation of nutrients: carbohydrate, nitrogen compounds, lipids and nucleic acids. Biosynthesis of small molecules, such as building blocks for biopolymers. amino acids, nucleotides, fatty acids and sugars Biosynthesis of large molecules glycan, gly ...
Classification and Nomenclature of Enzymes
... where “a” is the class, “b” is the subclass, “c” is the sub‐subclass, and “d” is the sub‐sub‐subclass. The “b” and “c” digits describe the reaction, while the “d” digit is used to distinguish between different enzymes of the same function based on the actual substrate in the reaction. • Exampl ...
... where “a” is the class, “b” is the subclass, “c” is the sub‐subclass, and “d” is the sub‐sub‐subclass. The “b” and “c” digits describe the reaction, while the “d” digit is used to distinguish between different enzymes of the same function based on the actual substrate in the reaction. • Exampl ...
Cellular Respirationx
... These new steps do not make any more ATP. They are still necessary because glycolysis in the absence of oxygen will use up a cell’s supply of NAD+. If all of the cell’s NAD+ is gone, glycolysis will stop and the cell can no longer make ATP by splitting glucose. The combination of glycolysis an ...
... These new steps do not make any more ATP. They are still necessary because glycolysis in the absence of oxygen will use up a cell’s supply of NAD+. If all of the cell’s NAD+ is gone, glycolysis will stop and the cell can no longer make ATP by splitting glucose. The combination of glycolysis an ...
6 Energy and Metabolism
... as fuel (either because you need fuel to exercise, or because you're not eating enough new fuel to support what you're doing), it burns that fat to extract the energy from it. That "burn" isn't a metaphor. The chemistry that your body does is exactly equivalent to literally burning it, just under mo ...
... as fuel (either because you need fuel to exercise, or because you're not eating enough new fuel to support what you're doing), it burns that fat to extract the energy from it. That "burn" isn't a metaphor. The chemistry that your body does is exactly equivalent to literally burning it, just under mo ...
2nd bio1 exam sample
... Q2. Write true (T) or false (F) 1) A cell lacking oligosaccharides on the external surface of its plasma membrane would likely be inefficient in cell-cell recognition. 2) The most accepted model of plasma membrane structure is the fluid mosaic model. 3) The presence of cholesterol in the plasma memb ...
... Q2. Write true (T) or false (F) 1) A cell lacking oligosaccharides on the external surface of its plasma membrane would likely be inefficient in cell-cell recognition. 2) The most accepted model of plasma membrane structure is the fluid mosaic model. 3) The presence of cholesterol in the plasma memb ...
Cellular Respiration
... first stage of aerobic respiration does not require O2 (anaerobic) and proceeds in exactly the same way under both aerobic (with oxygen) and anaerobic (without oxygen) conditions ...
... first stage of aerobic respiration does not require O2 (anaerobic) and proceeds in exactly the same way under both aerobic (with oxygen) and anaerobic (without oxygen) conditions ...
Nucleotides, Vitamins, Cosubstrates, and Coenzymes
... the precursors for the nucleic acids (ATP, GTP, CTP, UTP, dTTP) or the main energy carrying molecule of the cell (ATP). All Nucleotides are composed of / release upon hydrolysis: • A Heterocyclic amine. The nitrogens of the molecule can have basic properties. • An aldopentose sugar - Ribose or 2-Deo ...
... the precursors for the nucleic acids (ATP, GTP, CTP, UTP, dTTP) or the main energy carrying molecule of the cell (ATP). All Nucleotides are composed of / release upon hydrolysis: • A Heterocyclic amine. The nitrogens of the molecule can have basic properties. • An aldopentose sugar - Ribose or 2-Deo ...
Chapter 7
... The oxidation of a molecule releases energy while the reduction of a molecule stores energy. Since these reactions are coupled, the energy released in the oxidation is transferred to and stored by the reduced molecule. In metabolism, NAD+ and FAD are the oxidizing agents; then later NADH and FADH2 b ...
... The oxidation of a molecule releases energy while the reduction of a molecule stores energy. Since these reactions are coupled, the energy released in the oxidation is transferred to and stored by the reduced molecule. In metabolism, NAD+ and FAD are the oxidizing agents; then later NADH and FADH2 b ...
Patrick, An Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry 5e Chapter 3
... reaction, aldehyde dehydrogenase can catalyse its oxidation to acetaldehyde. In the process, NAD+ is converted back to NADH. As a result, only a catalytic quantity of NADH is required. It is important to appreciate that enzymes can catalyse reactions in either direction until an equilibrium is reach ...
... reaction, aldehyde dehydrogenase can catalyse its oxidation to acetaldehyde. In the process, NAD+ is converted back to NADH. As a result, only a catalytic quantity of NADH is required. It is important to appreciate that enzymes can catalyse reactions in either direction until an equilibrium is reach ...
ch5_SP13x
... • Acidified ( high [H+] ) by action of the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) – H+ are pumped from matrix into this compartment – ATP synthase lets them back into the matrix ...
... • Acidified ( high [H+] ) by action of the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) – H+ are pumped from matrix into this compartment – ATP synthase lets them back into the matrix ...
SI Worksheet 10 1. What does coupling reactions mean? The
... 14. Another word for a non-protein organic molecule is ______________. What is an example of one? Coenzymes, NAD+) “nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide”, they help enzymes do their thing 15. What is an important example of a cofactor in the body? Mg 2+, most of the cofactors are metal ions that are i ...
... 14. Another word for a non-protein organic molecule is ______________. What is an example of one? Coenzymes, NAD+) “nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide”, they help enzymes do their thing 15. What is an important example of a cofactor in the body? Mg 2+, most of the cofactors are metal ions that are i ...
Chapter 19
... • a-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex: inhibited by ATP, NADH, and succinyl CoA; activated by ADP and NAD+. ...
... • a-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex: inhibited by ATP, NADH, and succinyl CoA; activated by ADP and NAD+. ...
Karbohidrat Metabolizması
... transport pathway in the inner mitochondrial membrane • The electrons transferred from succinate to FAD (to form FADH2) are passed directly to ubiquinone (UQ) in the electron transport pathway • Enzyme inhibited by malonate ...
... transport pathway in the inner mitochondrial membrane • The electrons transferred from succinate to FAD (to form FADH2) are passed directly to ubiquinone (UQ) in the electron transport pathway • Enzyme inhibited by malonate ...
SBI4U: Unit 2 Review, Metabolic Processes SAMPLE TEST
... 1. Explain the process of an oxidation-reduction reaction. What is the difference between an oxidizing agent and a reducing agent? Explain how this type of reaction is central to both aerobic cellular respiration and photosynthesis. 2. Which element is typically reduced in biological reactions? What ...
... 1. Explain the process of an oxidation-reduction reaction. What is the difference between an oxidizing agent and a reducing agent? Explain how this type of reaction is central to both aerobic cellular respiration and photosynthesis. 2. Which element is typically reduced in biological reactions? What ...
Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration
... • Each ATP = 12 kcal/mole of energy. • Inefficient capture of energy, only 3.5 % of available energy in glucose. • Most remains in pyruvate. ...
... • Each ATP = 12 kcal/mole of energy. • Inefficient capture of energy, only 3.5 % of available energy in glucose. • Most remains in pyruvate. ...
Chapter 18
... • Catabolic reactions generate ATP. • Photosynthesis stores some light energy ATP. • ATP coupling helps make some anabolic reactions spontaneous. • The relative concentrations of ATP, ADP, and AMP regulate many enzymes where these nucleotides serve as allosteric effectors. ...
... • Catabolic reactions generate ATP. • Photosynthesis stores some light energy ATP. • ATP coupling helps make some anabolic reactions spontaneous. • The relative concentrations of ATP, ADP, and AMP regulate many enzymes where these nucleotides serve as allosteric effectors. ...
Microbial Metabolism
... a) Metabolic reactions take place in a step-wise fashion in which the atoms of the raw materials are rearranged, often one at a time, until the formation of the final product takes place. b) Each step requires its own enzyme. c) The sequence of enzymatically-catalyzed steps from a starting raw mater ...
... a) Metabolic reactions take place in a step-wise fashion in which the atoms of the raw materials are rearranged, often one at a time, until the formation of the final product takes place. b) Each step requires its own enzyme. c) The sequence of enzymatically-catalyzed steps from a starting raw mater ...
Microbial Metabolism - Accelerated Learning Center, Inc.
... a) Metabolic reactions take place in a step-wise fashion in which the atoms of the raw materials are rearranged, often one at a time, until the formation of the final product takes place. b) Each step requires its own enzyme. c) The sequence of enzymatically-catalyzed steps from a starting raw mater ...
... a) Metabolic reactions take place in a step-wise fashion in which the atoms of the raw materials are rearranged, often one at a time, until the formation of the final product takes place. b) Each step requires its own enzyme. c) The sequence of enzymatically-catalyzed steps from a starting raw mater ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.