What is metabolic engineering?
... molecules. • Known proteins are analyzed using functional assays that are on the chip. For example, chip surfaces can contain enzymes, receptor proteins, or antibodies that enable researchers to conduct protein-protein interaction studies, ligand binding studies, or immunoassays • High-end quadruple ...
... molecules. • Known proteins are analyzed using functional assays that are on the chip. For example, chip surfaces can contain enzymes, receptor proteins, or antibodies that enable researchers to conduct protein-protein interaction studies, ligand binding studies, or immunoassays • High-end quadruple ...
Chapter 9. Cellular Respiration STAGE 1: Glycolysis
... • Draw and label another line on the graph to predict the results if the concentration of the enzyme was doubled. Explain results. • Identify TWO environmental factors that can change the rate of enzyme-mediated reactions. Discuss how each of those two factors would affect the reaction rate of an en ...
... • Draw and label another line on the graph to predict the results if the concentration of the enzyme was doubled. Explain results. • Identify TWO environmental factors that can change the rate of enzyme-mediated reactions. Discuss how each of those two factors would affect the reaction rate of an en ...
SURFIN` THROUGH STAAR
... a. composed of building blocks called amino acids b. insoluble in water and are used by the body for energy storage and insulation c. complex biomolecules that store genetic information d. organic compounds used by cells to store and release energy ...
... a. composed of building blocks called amino acids b. insoluble in water and are used by the body for energy storage and insulation c. complex biomolecules that store genetic information d. organic compounds used by cells to store and release energy ...
Document
... oxaloacetate; losing 2 CO2 ; releasing electrons to yield 3 NADH plus 1 FADH, and one ATP by substrate level phosphorylation. • For one glucose the cycle runs twice. ...
... oxaloacetate; losing 2 CO2 ; releasing electrons to yield 3 NADH plus 1 FADH, and one ATP by substrate level phosphorylation. • For one glucose the cycle runs twice. ...
powerpoint 24 Aug
... + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2 NAD • Products: 2 pyruvate + 2ATP + 2 NADH • Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm • First step of glycolysis: • takes energy • traps glucose in the cell • example of substrate level phosphorylation ...
... + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2 NAD • Products: 2 pyruvate + 2ATP + 2 NADH • Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm • First step of glycolysis: • takes energy • traps glucose in the cell • example of substrate level phosphorylation ...
Exam 3
... 1. loss of allosteric site for ATP in phosphofructokinase ___________________ 2. loss of binding site for citrate in phosphofructokinase ___________________ 3. Loss of phosphatase domain of the bifunctional enzyme that controls the level of fructose 2,6-bisphsophate _________________________ 4. Loss ...
... 1. loss of allosteric site for ATP in phosphofructokinase ___________________ 2. loss of binding site for citrate in phosphofructokinase ___________________ 3. Loss of phosphatase domain of the bifunctional enzyme that controls the level of fructose 2,6-bisphsophate _________________________ 4. Loss ...
Student notes in ppt
... The amount of energy available from a coupled redox reaction is defined as Eº’ By convention, the Eº' of a coupled redox reaction is determined by subtracting the Eº' of the oxidant (e- acceptor) from the Eº' of the reductant (e- donor) using the following equation: Eº' = (Eº'e- acceptor) - (Eº' ...
... The amount of energy available from a coupled redox reaction is defined as Eº’ By convention, the Eº' of a coupled redox reaction is determined by subtracting the Eº' of the oxidant (e- acceptor) from the Eº' of the reductant (e- donor) using the following equation: Eº' = (Eº'e- acceptor) - (Eº' ...
Exam 3
... 34. (15pts) The overall regulation of carbohydrates occurs in glycogen synthesis, glycogen degradation, glycolysis, and gluconeogenesis. In the partial scheme below, match the letter of each phrase below with the one arrow that it best matches. ...
... 34. (15pts) The overall regulation of carbohydrates occurs in glycogen synthesis, glycogen degradation, glycolysis, and gluconeogenesis. In the partial scheme below, match the letter of each phrase below with the one arrow that it best matches. ...
Co-enzyme derived from vitamin and their role in metabolic action
... Recently discovered adenosine thiamine triphosphate (AThTP), ...
... Recently discovered adenosine thiamine triphosphate (AThTP), ...
Transport of molecules into a bacterial cell
... – If reduced NAD molecules are “poker chips”, they contain energy which needs to be “cashed in” to make ATP. – In order for glycolysis and Krebs Cycle to continue, NAD that gets reduced to NADH must get re-oxidized to NAD. – What is the greediest electron hog we know? Molecular oxygen. – In Electron ...
... – If reduced NAD molecules are “poker chips”, they contain energy which needs to be “cashed in” to make ATP. – In order for glycolysis and Krebs Cycle to continue, NAD that gets reduced to NADH must get re-oxidized to NAD. – What is the greediest electron hog we know? Molecular oxygen. – In Electron ...
Exam 1 454 Study Guide
... citric acid cycle. Be able to trace labeled carbons through the cycle Describe energy yields for the citric acid cycle. Describe the mechanisms for NADH equivalents and other transport across the mitochondral membrane. Describe the relationship between the citric acid cycle and other metabol ...
... citric acid cycle. Be able to trace labeled carbons through the cycle Describe energy yields for the citric acid cycle. Describe the mechanisms for NADH equivalents and other transport across the mitochondral membrane. Describe the relationship between the citric acid cycle and other metabol ...
Enzymes
... The type of reaction or process usually release energy (which can be recaptured by the information of ATP) The type of reaction usually require energy, which is stored in the newly-formed chemical bonds. Cu2+, Zn2+ is the form of this losing electrons is the “currency” of energy in the cell. Energy ...
... The type of reaction or process usually release energy (which can be recaptured by the information of ATP) The type of reaction usually require energy, which is stored in the newly-formed chemical bonds. Cu2+, Zn2+ is the form of this losing electrons is the “currency” of energy in the cell. Energy ...
Electron Transport
... In your body, energy is required to assemble/break down molecules, transport molecules, and transmit genetic instructions. ...
... In your body, energy is required to assemble/break down molecules, transport molecules, and transmit genetic instructions. ...
Microbial Metabolism - ASAB-NUST
... matrix. • In eucaryotes they are found in the mitochondrial matrix. • The complete cycle appears to be functional in many aerobic bacteria, free-living protists, and fungi. ...
... matrix. • In eucaryotes they are found in the mitochondrial matrix. • The complete cycle appears to be functional in many aerobic bacteria, free-living protists, and fungi. ...
Chapter14
... • The rate of flow of metabolites through a pathway – One step is always committed (irreversible) ...
... • The rate of flow of metabolites through a pathway – One step is always committed (irreversible) ...
Topics
... • ATP yields are small (2 per glucose molecule), compared to respiration • Must metabolize large amounts of glucose to produce equivalent respiratory ATPs ...
... • ATP yields are small (2 per glucose molecule), compared to respiration • Must metabolize large amounts of glucose to produce equivalent respiratory ATPs ...
Disciplina: SLC0673 Ciclos energéticos vitais
... Before entering the citric acid cycle, the carbon skeletons of sugars and fatty acids are degraded to the acetyl group of acetyl-CoA. Pyruvate, derived from glucose and other sugars by glycolysis, is oxidized to acetyl-CoA and CO2 by the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex, a cluster of enzymes—mul ...
... Before entering the citric acid cycle, the carbon skeletons of sugars and fatty acids are degraded to the acetyl group of acetyl-CoA. Pyruvate, derived from glucose and other sugars by glycolysis, is oxidized to acetyl-CoA and CO2 by the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex, a cluster of enzymes—mul ...
Document
... The glycerol phosphate shuttle • Electrons are transferred from NADH to dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) to form glycerol 3-phosphate, which shuttles them into the mitochondrion. These electrons then reduce FAD at the inner membrane, forming FADH2 which can transfer the electrons to a carrier of t ...
... The glycerol phosphate shuttle • Electrons are transferred from NADH to dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) to form glycerol 3-phosphate, which shuttles them into the mitochondrion. These electrons then reduce FAD at the inner membrane, forming FADH2 which can transfer the electrons to a carrier of t ...
Option C - IBperiod5
... C4.2 State that photosynthesis consists of light-dependent and light-independent reactions [ These should not be called light and dark reactions] C4.3 Explain the light-dependent reactions. [ Include the photactivation of photsystem II, photolysis of water, electron transport, cyclic and noncyclic p ...
... C4.2 State that photosynthesis consists of light-dependent and light-independent reactions [ These should not be called light and dark reactions] C4.3 Explain the light-dependent reactions. [ Include the photactivation of photsystem II, photolysis of water, electron transport, cyclic and noncyclic p ...
Coenzyme Q = Ubiquinone
... Coenzyme Q10 is the coenzyme for at least three mitochondrial enzymes (complexes I, II and III) as well as enzymes in other parts of the cell. CoQ10 has been studied in its reduced form as a potent antioxidant. ...
... Coenzyme Q10 is the coenzyme for at least three mitochondrial enzymes (complexes I, II and III) as well as enzymes in other parts of the cell. CoQ10 has been studied in its reduced form as a potent antioxidant. ...
A. biotin
... Diabetic patients generally have higher incidence of bone loss in periodontal disease. It has been proposed that lipopolysacharides from P.Gingivalis A. act directly on pre-osteoclasts to transform them into osteoclasts B. act on osteoblasts to induce the formation of mCSF C. acts directly on osteob ...
... Diabetic patients generally have higher incidence of bone loss in periodontal disease. It has been proposed that lipopolysacharides from P.Gingivalis A. act directly on pre-osteoclasts to transform them into osteoclasts B. act on osteoblasts to induce the formation of mCSF C. acts directly on osteob ...
Unit 2: Metabolic Processes Metabolism and Energy
... Lipid Catabolism - Triglycerides break down into glycerol and fatty acids - Glycerol glucose glycolysis - Glycerol DHAP (dihydroxyacetone phosphate) G3P glycolysis - Fatty Acids β-oxidation acetyl-CoA Krebs - Fats provide 38 kJ/g while carbohydrates provide 16 kJ/g ...
... Lipid Catabolism - Triglycerides break down into glycerol and fatty acids - Glycerol glucose glycolysis - Glycerol DHAP (dihydroxyacetone phosphate) G3P glycolysis - Fatty Acids β-oxidation acetyl-CoA Krebs - Fats provide 38 kJ/g while carbohydrates provide 16 kJ/g ...
Oxidations – loss of electrons
... – Use of inorganic molecules (other than O2) as final electron acceptor – Many prokaryotes use sulfur, nitrate, carbon dioxide or even inorganic metals ...
... – Use of inorganic molecules (other than O2) as final electron acceptor – Many prokaryotes use sulfur, nitrate, carbon dioxide or even inorganic metals ...
1 Confusion from last week: Purines and Pyrimidines
... – Too much energy, and bonds inside important molecules (e.g. proteins) can be disrupted, doing damage. ...
... – Too much energy, and bonds inside important molecules (e.g. proteins) can be disrupted, doing damage. ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.