CHAPTER 6
... Parallel pathways of catabolism and anabolism must differ in at least one metabolic step in order that they can be regulated independently. Shown here are two possible arrangements of opposing catabolic and anabolic sequenced between A and P. (a) The parallel sequences proceed via independent routes ...
... Parallel pathways of catabolism and anabolism must differ in at least one metabolic step in order that they can be regulated independently. Shown here are two possible arrangements of opposing catabolic and anabolic sequenced between A and P. (a) The parallel sequences proceed via independent routes ...
Section 2.3 - Father Michael McGivney Catholic Academy
... backed up. • NADH cannot get recycled back to NAD+ to pick up more electrons. • Organisms have evolved a way to recycle NAD+ and allow glycolysis to continue. ...
... backed up. • NADH cannot get recycled back to NAD+ to pick up more electrons. • Organisms have evolved a way to recycle NAD+ and allow glycolysis to continue. ...
File - Groby Bio Page
... Used to reduce NAD and FAD. Three reduced NAD are produced and 1 reduced FAD per cycle. NAD = Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide FAD = Flavine adenine dinucleotide ...
... Used to reduce NAD and FAD. Three reduced NAD are produced and 1 reduced FAD per cycle. NAD = Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide FAD = Flavine adenine dinucleotide ...
BIOCHEMISTRY
... Think of a monosaccharide which can undergo a similar reaction but gives two equivalents of identical products (without the need to undergo isomerization). Show the structure of the monosaccharide, its product(s) and a brief outline of mechanism. (Note that your monosaccharide can have as many carbo ...
... Think of a monosaccharide which can undergo a similar reaction but gives two equivalents of identical products (without the need to undergo isomerization). Show the structure of the monosaccharide, its product(s) and a brief outline of mechanism. (Note that your monosaccharide can have as many carbo ...
Answer Key - Department of Chemistry ::: CALTECH
... acetyl CoA. Briefly explain how glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are linked. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex converts pyruvate into acetyl CoA by the reaction given below: Pyruvate + CoA + NAD+ acetyl CoA + CO2 + NADH + H+ b. (5 points) The citric acid cycle produces only one molecule of AT ...
... acetyl CoA. Briefly explain how glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are linked. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex converts pyruvate into acetyl CoA by the reaction given below: Pyruvate + CoA + NAD+ acetyl CoA + CO2 + NADH + H+ b. (5 points) The citric acid cycle produces only one molecule of AT ...
Lecture 27 - Redox and PDH
... NAD+ + 2 e- + 2 H+ <--> NADH + H+ In contrast, FAD is reduced by sequential addition of one hydrogen (1 e- and 1 H+) at a time to give the fully reduced FADH2 product FAD + 1 e- + 1 H+ <--> FADH + 1 e- + H+ <--> FADH2 Enzymes that catalyze biochemical redox reactions are strictly called oxidoreducta ...
... NAD+ + 2 e- + 2 H+ <--> NADH + H+ In contrast, FAD is reduced by sequential addition of one hydrogen (1 e- and 1 H+) at a time to give the fully reduced FADH2 product FAD + 1 e- + 1 H+ <--> FADH + 1 e- + H+ <--> FADH2 Enzymes that catalyze biochemical redox reactions are strictly called oxidoreducta ...
(PDF format, 1.73MB)
... Mitochondria burn sugars and fats to generate ATP • Metabolism of sugars requires 5 protein complexes: • I, III, IV and V ...
... Mitochondria burn sugars and fats to generate ATP • Metabolism of sugars requires 5 protein complexes: • I, III, IV and V ...
FINAL EXAM - 09 December 2005
... (6 points) Name two different pathways that each contain steps where a particular molecule gets two phosphate groups attached AND describe which step within each pathway where this occurs. Finally, describe why these steps are most critical to the functioning of each pathway. ...
... (6 points) Name two different pathways that each contain steps where a particular molecule gets two phosphate groups attached AND describe which step within each pathway where this occurs. Finally, describe why these steps are most critical to the functioning of each pathway. ...
Metabolism
... and used in the form of ATP. • Two basic way s of generating ATP: – substrate-level phosphorylation. The simplest form: transfering a phosphate group from another molecule to ADP, creating ATP. – chemiosmotic: generation of a proton (H+) gradient across a membrane. This gradient is called “proton-mo ...
... and used in the form of ATP. • Two basic way s of generating ATP: – substrate-level phosphorylation. The simplest form: transfering a phosphate group from another molecule to ADP, creating ATP. – chemiosmotic: generation of a proton (H+) gradient across a membrane. This gradient is called “proton-mo ...
Anaerobic Respiration
... With the combining of e-, H+, and 2 acetaldehyde, 2 NAD+ is regenerated and 2ethanol is created ...
... With the combining of e-, H+, and 2 acetaldehyde, 2 NAD+ is regenerated and 2ethanol is created ...
The Citric acid cycle
... “hub” of the metabolic system. It accounts for the majority of carbohydrate, fatty acid and amino acid oxidation. It also accounts for a majority of the generation of these compounds and others as well. Amphibolic - acts both catabolically and anabolically ...
... “hub” of the metabolic system. It accounts for the majority of carbohydrate, fatty acid and amino acid oxidation. It also accounts for a majority of the generation of these compounds and others as well. Amphibolic - acts both catabolically and anabolically ...
File
... In plasma-niacin found in nicotinic amide bloodand nicotinic acid 1/3 of nicotinic acid (plasma) bound to plasma proteins bloodnicotinamide and acidcell membrane by simple diffusion Nicotinic acid transport kidney tubules and red blood cells require carrier ...
... In plasma-niacin found in nicotinic amide bloodand nicotinic acid 1/3 of nicotinic acid (plasma) bound to plasma proteins bloodnicotinamide and acidcell membrane by simple diffusion Nicotinic acid transport kidney tubules and red blood cells require carrier ...
Pyruvate Oxidation
... If ATP levels are high, acetyl-co A will be directed into synthesis of fatty acids for long-term energy storage If ATP is needed, acetyl-co A is directed to the next part of cellular respiration: The Krebs Cycle ...
... If ATP levels are high, acetyl-co A will be directed into synthesis of fatty acids for long-term energy storage If ATP is needed, acetyl-co A is directed to the next part of cellular respiration: The Krebs Cycle ...
Cell Respiration Teacher Notes
... The ETS consists of: – protein complexes that pump H+ – mobile carriers that transport electrons – ATP synthase complex - H+ flow through it, making ATP • H+ flow through from high to low concentration • For every 3 H+ that flow through, one ATP is made ...
... The ETS consists of: – protein complexes that pump H+ – mobile carriers that transport electrons – ATP synthase complex - H+ flow through it, making ATP • H+ flow through from high to low concentration • For every 3 H+ that flow through, one ATP is made ...
HB_Cell_Resp_KEYS_and_Review_Notes_12_BH
... (charges up the molecule with two high energy electrons) - The remaining two carbons from the pyruvate bond to coenzyme A creating acetyl CoA - This happens to each pyruvate ...
... (charges up the molecule with two high energy electrons) - The remaining two carbons from the pyruvate bond to coenzyme A creating acetyl CoA - This happens to each pyruvate ...
Aerobic Metabolism: The Citric Acid Cycle
... In aerobic organisms, the citric acid cycle is part of a metabolic pathway involved in the chemical conversion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and water to generate a form of usable energy. The citric acid cycle also provides precursors for many compounds such as certain amin ...
... In aerobic organisms, the citric acid cycle is part of a metabolic pathway involved in the chemical conversion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and water to generate a form of usable energy. The citric acid cycle also provides precursors for many compounds such as certain amin ...
Modulation of phosphate accumulation in isolated chick kidney cells
... for the inhibition, it remains possible that its cause is less simple than T e n e n h o u s e and Chu (1982) propose. In this connection it is of in ter es t that NADH has been shown to stimulate organic acid transport in renal tubules (Nikiforov, 1982). In the original model proposing a direct lin ...
... for the inhibition, it remains possible that its cause is less simple than T e n e n h o u s e and Chu (1982) propose. In this connection it is of in ter es t that NADH has been shown to stimulate organic acid transport in renal tubules (Nikiforov, 1982). In the original model proposing a direct lin ...
Oxidative Metabolism - Plant Energy Biology
... from the nucleus (via cytoplasm) to mitochondria ...
... from the nucleus (via cytoplasm) to mitochondria ...
Aerobic Metabolism: The Citric Acid Cycle
... In aerobic organisms, the citric acid cycle is part of a metabolic pathway involved in the chemical conversion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and water to generate a form of usable energy. The citric acid cycle also provides precursors for many compounds such as certain amin ...
... In aerobic organisms, the citric acid cycle is part of a metabolic pathway involved in the chemical conversion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and water to generate a form of usable energy. The citric acid cycle also provides precursors for many compounds such as certain amin ...
Redox Reactions and Cofactors
... complex contains the lipoamide at the end of a polypeptide tether which functions as a "ball and chain" that moves the lipoamide back and forth across a 50 Å span in the interior of the complex. αLipoic acid is not considered a vitamin because it is synthesized at measurable levels in humans, howeve ...
... complex contains the lipoamide at the end of a polypeptide tether which functions as a "ball and chain" that moves the lipoamide back and forth across a 50 Å span in the interior of the complex. αLipoic acid is not considered a vitamin because it is synthesized at measurable levels in humans, howeve ...
AP Biology
... 4. In cellular respiration, what is being oxidized and what is being reduced? oxidized – glucose ; reduced - oxygen 5. Label the diagram below of the electron movement with regard to the coenzyme NAD+. ...
... 4. In cellular respiration, what is being oxidized and what is being reduced? oxidized – glucose ; reduced - oxygen 5. Label the diagram below of the electron movement with regard to the coenzyme NAD+. ...
Alcoholic fermentation
... NAD+, lactate (lactic acid) Muscle cells at the cellular level; some bacteria 10) In lactic acid fermentation, a) what is caused by a build-up of lactate in muscle cells? Muscle pain; fatigue b) what happens to the accumulated lactate? Carried to the liver where it is converted to pyruvate 11) Descr ...
... NAD+, lactate (lactic acid) Muscle cells at the cellular level; some bacteria 10) In lactic acid fermentation, a) what is caused by a build-up of lactate in muscle cells? Muscle pain; fatigue b) what happens to the accumulated lactate? Carried to the liver where it is converted to pyruvate 11) Descr ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.