Download Anaerobic Respiration - County Central High School

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Anaerob
No oxygen required
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Glycolysis allows organisms to obtain energy from
nutrients in the absence of oxygen
NAD+ is converted to NADH during this process
Glycolysis cannot occur without this conversion
Cells have a limited amount of NAD+ and needs it to be
recycled
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If there is no glycolysis, there is no ATP production, and
cell death is imminent
Without O2, the ETC (e- transport chain) can’t function,
therefore, anaerobic organisms have evolved many
different ways of recycling NAD+ and allowing glycolysis to
continue
Fermentation
Instead of using an ETC, anaerobic organisms use a
process called fermentation
Eukaryotes (like us) use two different forms:
1. Alcohol Fermentation
2. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Both forms use the same two stages: glycolysis and
fermentation
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Alcoho
NADH molecules produced during glycolysis then pass
their H atoms to acetaldehyde (this is a compound
formed when a CO2 molecule is removed from pyruvate)
This process forms ethanol - the type of alcohol in
alcoholic beverages
This process recycles NAD+ which allows the continuation
of glycolysis
Applications
Alcohol fermentation can be carried out by
yeast
Breads, pastries, wine, beer, liquor, and soy
sauce are all produced using fermentation
Applications
Microbial fermentation is used to make many food
products:
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Lactic Aci
During strenuous exercise, muscles require more ATP
energy than can be supplied by aerobic respiration alone
NADH produced in glycolysis transfers its hydrogen atoms
to pyruvate in the cytoplasm regenerating NAD+
Pyruvate is changed into lactic acid
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Lactic Aci
The build-up of lactic acid molecules in muscle tissue
causes stiffness, soreness, and fatigue
Lactic acid is transported through the bloodstream from
the muscles to the liver
When exercise stops, lactic acid is converted back into
pyruvate which then goes onto the aerobic pathway
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Lactic Aci
The extra O2 required to chemically process lactic acid is
called oxygen debt
When you are exercising strenuously, you begin to breath
heavier to obtain this O2
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Exerci
Exercise physiology studies how the body responds to
exercise biologically
Exercise physiologists search for solutions to practical
problems faced by individuals who participate in sports
and athletics
The most common problem looked at is the shortage of
energy some athletes face
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Exerci
There is a particular emphasis on aerobic fitness - this
looks at the heart, lungs, and bloodstream and their
ability to supply the body with oxygen during physical
activity
Maximum O2 consumption (VO2 max): the maximum
volume of O2 that cells can remove from the bloodstream
in 1 minute/kg during maximum exertion
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Exerci
A VO2 max test is typically done using a treadmill
A person is forced to move faster and faster while
expelled air is collected and tested
In general, if you have a high VO2 max value you are more
aerobically fit than those with lower values
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VO2 max values vary between individuals and although you
can increase yours through some training, it will decrease
as you get older
Even though VO2 max can be increased through exercise,
lactic acid is also building up at an increased rate which
can limit the amount of training and exercise an individual
can complete
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Suppleme
The environment can, as usual, have an effect on our
cellular processes like respiration
Chemicals can affect pathways by countering certain
aspects of the process (acting as a buffer for example) or
can act as a poison thereby completely inhibiting parts of
the pathways
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Creatine phosphate is used at times to enhance
respiration because it can donate its phosphate to ADP
creating ATP allowing for more energy production during
muscle contractions and may be used as a buffer to delay
lactic acid fermentation
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Carbon monoxide on the other hand can block oxygen
from binding to the hemoglobin protein on red blood cells
inhibiting aerobic cellular respiration activities
It causes possible death by asphyxiation (suffocation)
Cell death also occurs because of this molecule
Questions
Page 228
#1, 3, 5, 6