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A2 Populations and Environment The Biochemistry of Respiration JLL Aerobic Respiration occurs in four stages, and in three different locations within the cell: Stage Location 1. GLYCOLYSIS: This involves the __________ of glucose to ___________, with a net gain of __________ and _________________ Why is this an oxidation reaction? Summary of Glycolysis: GLYCOLYSIS IS THE OXIDATION OF GLUCOSE TO PYRUVATE WITH A NET GAIN OF ATP AND REDUCED NAD 2. THE LINK REATION: The ____________ produced during glycolysis combines with coenzyme A to produce______________. At the start of the link reaction, pyruvate produced by the process of glycolysis, leaves the cytoplasm and enters the matrix of the mitochondria. In the mitochondria, NAD oxidises the pyruvate (by the removal of electrons) to a 2 carbon acetate molecule and CO2. The acetate molecule is picked up by a carrier molecule called COENZYME A, forming ACETYLCOENZYME A Because a carbon atom has been removed from pyruvate in this process, and because the pyruvate is oxidised, this reaction is called is called OXIDATIVE DECARBOXYLATION. A2 Populations and Environment Summary of the Link Reaction: JLL IN THE LINK REACTION, PYRUVATE COMBINES WITH COENZYME A TO PRODUCE ACETYLCOENZYME A Acetylcoenzyme A formed during the link reaction carries the 2 carbon compound into the KREBS cycle where further oxidation begins. 3. The KREBS CYCLE (named after Hans Krebs) This occurs in the _________ of the mitochondria. The Krebs cycle is important because it produces the coenzymes which can be used to make ATP in the final stage of anaerobic respiration; the Electron Transport Chain. A2 Populations and Environment JLL 1. At the start of Krebs cycle, _____________________ joins to a _____ carbon acceptor molecule 2. A ____ carbon acid is formed 3. Oxidation-reduction reactions then occur, and electrons and hydrogen are transferred to ______ to produce __________________ 4. Carbon dioxide is removed to form a ______ carbon compound. 5. Another molecule of ________ is removed, and further oxidation- reduction reactions occur as electrons and hydrogen are transferred to the coenzymes NAD and FAD to produce reduced NAD and reduced FAD. THESE MOLECULES ARE USED LATER IN THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN) The energy released during these oxidation-reduction reactions is used to form 2 ATP. 6. The 4 carbon acceptor molecule is ____________ POINTS TO NOTE ABOUT THE KREBS CYCLE! A. For each glucose molecule, 2 acetylcoenzyme molecules enter the Krebs cycle B. During the link reaction and Krebs cycle, all 3 carbon atoms have been removed from pyruvate and are released as CO2 C. All the electrons removed from the 3 carbon atoms in the pyruvate have been transferred to NAD or FAD to produce reduced NAD and reduced FAD. In a series of oxidation-reduction reactions, the Krebs cycle generates reduced coenzymes and ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation, and carbon dioxide is lost. Activities: 1. Highlight in yellow all the molecules in the Krebs cycle that have been oxidised, highlight in pink, all the molecules that have been reduced. 2. What happens to the reduced NAD and reduced FAD? 3. What is the chemical formula for glucose? Describe what has happened to each of these atoms by the end of Krebs cycle.