Rate at which glutamine enters TCA cycle influences carbon atom
... 29, 30, 31) performed in vivo demonstrated that glutamine is an essential respiratory substrate for cells in the small intestinal mucosa, accounting for over onethird of the total CO2 produced in the small intestine. In vitro experiments have shown that jejunal epithelial cells produce more CO2 from ...
... 29, 30, 31) performed in vivo demonstrated that glutamine is an essential respiratory substrate for cells in the small intestinal mucosa, accounting for over onethird of the total CO2 produced in the small intestine. In vitro experiments have shown that jejunal epithelial cells produce more CO2 from ...
(45)
... verified by Raman spectroscopy G-band peak downshifts. Additionally, we found that the location of the heteroatom contributes significantly to the interaction between the aromatic moieties and the SWCNTs. 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. ...
... verified by Raman spectroscopy G-band peak downshifts. Additionally, we found that the location of the heteroatom contributes significantly to the interaction between the aromatic moieties and the SWCNTs. 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. ...
Enzyme Properties
... are involved in the glycosidic bond, so they can’t rearrange or open up, so it can’t be oxidized Bottom line: only sugars in which the anomeric carbon is free are reducing sugars ...
... are involved in the glycosidic bond, so they can’t rearrange or open up, so it can’t be oxidized Bottom line: only sugars in which the anomeric carbon is free are reducing sugars ...
Methylobacterium extorquens AM1
... metabolism was stable until the depletion of succinate (Figure 2). The AL13C values ranged from 1% to 27% depending on the metabolite, indicating that the dominant carbon source for biosynthesis was indeed succinate, consistent with the measured consumption and production rates (Table 1). However, r ...
... metabolism was stable until the depletion of succinate (Figure 2). The AL13C values ranged from 1% to 27% depending on the metabolite, indicating that the dominant carbon source for biosynthesis was indeed succinate, consistent with the measured consumption and production rates (Table 1). However, r ...
Carbon dioxide capture and utilization in petrochemical industry
... CO2 cryogenic distillation involves separation of gas mixture by fractional condensation and distillation at low temperature. Cryogenic temperatures are obtained by a closed-cycle operated refrigeration system consisting of a compressor, a Joule-Thompson valve (JTV), multi-stage heat exchangers and ...
... CO2 cryogenic distillation involves separation of gas mixture by fractional condensation and distillation at low temperature. Cryogenic temperatures are obtained by a closed-cycle operated refrigeration system consisting of a compressor, a Joule-Thompson valve (JTV), multi-stage heat exchangers and ...
Sodasorb Manual - Shearwater Research
... Sodasorb absorbent is a pellet mixture of soda lime which removes carbon dioxide (CO2) in anesthesia, metabolator, and other acid gas absorbent system. The discovery of soda lime’s absorptive properties can be traced back more than 215 years. In 1777, a Swedish chemist named Scheele kept bees alive ...
... Sodasorb absorbent is a pellet mixture of soda lime which removes carbon dioxide (CO2) in anesthesia, metabolator, and other acid gas absorbent system. The discovery of soda lime’s absorptive properties can be traced back more than 215 years. In 1777, a Swedish chemist named Scheele kept bees alive ...
Study Guide for Chapter 22 - Hydrocarbon Compounds
... • Because carbon has four valence electrons, carbon atoms always form four covalent bonds. • The carbon atoms in an alkane can be arranged in a straight chain or in a chain that has branches. • Molecules of hydrocarbons, such as alkanes, are nonpolar molecules. ...
... • Because carbon has four valence electrons, carbon atoms always form four covalent bonds. • The carbon atoms in an alkane can be arranged in a straight chain or in a chain that has branches. • Molecules of hydrocarbons, such as alkanes, are nonpolar molecules. ...
PDF
... Thiomicrospira crunogena (Dobrinski et al., 2005) and Thiobacillus neopolitanus (Holthuijzen et al., 1986), contain carboxysomes and appear to employ a carbon concentrating mechanism, so that these adaptations are not exclusively by phototrophic organisms. No such mechanisms have been identified in a ...
... Thiomicrospira crunogena (Dobrinski et al., 2005) and Thiobacillus neopolitanus (Holthuijzen et al., 1986), contain carboxysomes and appear to employ a carbon concentrating mechanism, so that these adaptations are not exclusively by phototrophic organisms. No such mechanisms have been identified in a ...
PDF
... Thiomicrospira crunogena (Dobrinski et al., 2005) and Thiobacillus neopolitanus (Holthuijzen et al., 1986), contain carboxysomes and appear to employ a carbon concentrating mechanism, so that these adaptations are not exclusively by phototrophic organisms. No such mechanisms have been identified in a ...
... Thiomicrospira crunogena (Dobrinski et al., 2005) and Thiobacillus neopolitanus (Holthuijzen et al., 1986), contain carboxysomes and appear to employ a carbon concentrating mechanism, so that these adaptations are not exclusively by phototrophic organisms. No such mechanisms have been identified in a ...
Isotopes of Volatile Organic Compounds: An Emerging Approach for
... CO2, has proven to be useful for elucidating information on their atmospheric budgets and biogeochemistry that could not be determined from concentration measurements alone. Until recently, isotopic measurements of non-methane volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ambient atmospheric samples had not ...
... CO2, has proven to be useful for elucidating information on their atmospheric budgets and biogeochemistry that could not be determined from concentration measurements alone. Until recently, isotopic measurements of non-methane volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ambient atmospheric samples had not ...
Bioreaction Network Topology and Metabolic Flux Ratio
... FIG. 1. Schematic presentation of the principle of biosynthetically directed fractional 13C labeling achieved by growing cells in a minimal medium with 250 [U- 13C]-labeled glucose and 75 0 glucose containing 13C at natural abundance as the sole carbon source (A). 13C and 12C nuclei are represented ...
... FIG. 1. Schematic presentation of the principle of biosynthetically directed fractional 13C labeling achieved by growing cells in a minimal medium with 250 [U- 13C]-labeled glucose and 75 0 glucose containing 13C at natural abundance as the sole carbon source (A). 13C and 12C nuclei are represented ...
Every dogma has its day
... of the odd observation to the contrary. A new dogma was born and held the field for about two decades. Events began to turn when green sulfur bacteria were found to contain ferredoxin-coupled ketoacid-oxidoreductases. This led to the formulation of a novel CO2 -fixing pathway, the reductive citric a ...
... of the odd observation to the contrary. A new dogma was born and held the field for about two decades. Events began to turn when green sulfur bacteria were found to contain ferredoxin-coupled ketoacid-oxidoreductases. This led to the formulation of a novel CO2 -fixing pathway, the reductive citric a ...
Plant and Soil. 182:
... were impaired in growth on histidine and 7-aminobutyrate as sole carbon and nitrogen source. As the catabolism of these amino acids occurs predominantly through glutamate, our results indicate that mutants are also impaired in their ability to use histidine and 7-aminobutyrate as a nitrogen source. ...
... were impaired in growth on histidine and 7-aminobutyrate as sole carbon and nitrogen source. As the catabolism of these amino acids occurs predominantly through glutamate, our results indicate that mutants are also impaired in their ability to use histidine and 7-aminobutyrate as a nitrogen source. ...
hepatoprotective effects of aqueous extract of andrographis
... Assessment of hepatotoxicity: After 48 h of CCL4 administration the blood was obtained from the animals by punctruring retro orbital plexus.the blood samples were allowed to clot for 45 mts at room temperature.the serum was separated by centrifugation at 2500 rpm at ...
... Assessment of hepatotoxicity: After 48 h of CCL4 administration the blood was obtained from the animals by punctruring retro orbital plexus.the blood samples were allowed to clot for 45 mts at room temperature.the serum was separated by centrifugation at 2500 rpm at ...
Central carbon metabolism of Saccharomyces
... one neighbouring carbon originate from the same source molecule. For a central carbon in a C3 fragment that exhibits different 13C± 13C scalar coupling constants with the two attached carbons, f (2) represents the fraction of molecules for which the central carbon and the carbon with the smaller cou ...
... one neighbouring carbon originate from the same source molecule. For a central carbon in a C3 fragment that exhibits different 13C± 13C scalar coupling constants with the two attached carbons, f (2) represents the fraction of molecules for which the central carbon and the carbon with the smaller cou ...
biochem_lec3_27-4
... ** Cholesterol is needed in all animal cells and all animal cells are capable of producing cholesterol, which shows its importance for the cells. **As cholesterol is mainly produced by the liver and small intestine it's then transported to different cells. Although cells have the ability to make it ...
... ** Cholesterol is needed in all animal cells and all animal cells are capable of producing cholesterol, which shows its importance for the cells. **As cholesterol is mainly produced by the liver and small intestine it's then transported to different cells. Although cells have the ability to make it ...
Isomers and Isomerism Isomers
... Propionic acid and methyl acetate represent another example of functional group isomerism . In both examples of functional group isomerism, the atoms are arranged in different ways. This leads to different structural formulas and therefore different physical and chemical properties. The differences ...
... Propionic acid and methyl acetate represent another example of functional group isomerism . In both examples of functional group isomerism, the atoms are arranged in different ways. This leads to different structural formulas and therefore different physical and chemical properties. The differences ...
Carbon Flow of Heliobacteria Is Related More to Clostridia than to
... growth of H. modesticaldum, and our recent studies demonstrated that D-sugars can also support the growth of H. modesticaldum (4). An unusual feature of heliobacteria is that they have properties of both green sulfur bacteria (containing the type I reaction center) and Clostridia (forming heat-resis ...
... growth of H. modesticaldum, and our recent studies demonstrated that D-sugars can also support the growth of H. modesticaldum (4). An unusual feature of heliobacteria is that they have properties of both green sulfur bacteria (containing the type I reaction center) and Clostridia (forming heat-resis ...
Photosynthesis in the Higher Plant, Vicia.faba
... course experiment described by Kent (16). Excised V. faba leaves were infiltrated with distilled, deionized water and illuminated in an atmosphere of 1 % 'C02-air for successive periods of 4, 8, 15, 22, and 35 min. The light intensity at the leaf surface was 0.02 langley/min. The temperature of the ...
... course experiment described by Kent (16). Excised V. faba leaves were infiltrated with distilled, deionized water and illuminated in an atmosphere of 1 % 'C02-air for successive periods of 4, 8, 15, 22, and 35 min. The light intensity at the leaf surface was 0.02 langley/min. The temperature of the ...
actiona actionation of FFFFFrrrrractiona
... two- and three-carbon “metabolic intermediates.” Depending on whether we’re talking about an autotroph or a heterotroph, either the small carbohydrates or the metabolic products then serve as inputs to downstream processes. These involve oxidation, reduction, bond formation, and bond cleavage. Some ...
... two- and three-carbon “metabolic intermediates.” Depending on whether we’re talking about an autotroph or a heterotroph, either the small carbohydrates or the metabolic products then serve as inputs to downstream processes. These involve oxidation, reduction, bond formation, and bond cleavage. Some ...
Fractionation of the isotopes of carbon and hydrogen in biosynthetic
... two- and three-carbon “metabolic intermediates.” Depending on whether we’re talking about an autotroph or a heterotroph, either the small carbohydrates or the metabolic products then serve as inputs to downstream processes. These involve oxidation, reduction, bond formation, and bond cleavage. Some ...
... two- and three-carbon “metabolic intermediates.” Depending on whether we’re talking about an autotroph or a heterotroph, either the small carbohydrates or the metabolic products then serve as inputs to downstream processes. These involve oxidation, reduction, bond formation, and bond cleavage. Some ...
Engineering analysis of the stoichiometry of photoautotrophic
... the aquaculturalist needs to provide mechanisms to enhance the removal of ammonia to maintain an acceptable concentration. This also holds true for many other water quality parameters, particularly high concentrations of nitrite, carbon dioxide, and suspended solids or organic loading. The organic c ...
... the aquaculturalist needs to provide mechanisms to enhance the removal of ammonia to maintain an acceptable concentration. This also holds true for many other water quality parameters, particularly high concentrations of nitrite, carbon dioxide, and suspended solids or organic loading. The organic c ...
4 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: STRUCTURE AND NOMENCLATURE
... Carbon has four valence electrons (2s2 2p2), and it must either gain four electrons or lose four electrons to reach a rare gas configuration. The electronegativity of carbon is too small for carbon to gain electrons from most elements to form C4 ions, and too large for carbon to lose electrons to f ...
... Carbon has four valence electrons (2s2 2p2), and it must either gain four electrons or lose four electrons to reach a rare gas configuration. The electronegativity of carbon is too small for carbon to gain electrons from most elements to form C4 ions, and too large for carbon to lose electrons to f ...
Carbon Nanotubes: Biorisks and Biodefence
... biomedical applications are considered. Despite the need to know how nanotubes may affect or cause toxicity for live organisms, only a small number of studies have been dedicated to this problem. Furthermore, results of these studies have been inconsistent and not fully understood. The data obtained ...
... biomedical applications are considered. Despite the need to know how nanotubes may affect or cause toxicity for live organisms, only a small number of studies have been dedicated to this problem. Furthermore, results of these studies have been inconsistent and not fully understood. The data obtained ...
Atomic Masses
... 9.5 trillion kilometers!!!!!!!!!! Why do you think we measure distances to nearby stars in light years and not kilometers????? • Consider the reaction below, In order to make one molecule of CO2 (g), each carbon atom needs how many molecules of oxygen gas???? C(s) + ...
... 9.5 trillion kilometers!!!!!!!!!! Why do you think we measure distances to nearby stars in light years and not kilometers????? • Consider the reaction below, In order to make one molecule of CO2 (g), each carbon atom needs how many molecules of oxygen gas???? C(s) + ...
Carbon
Carbon (from Latin: carbo ""coal"") is a chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6. On the Periodic table, it is the first (row 2) of six elements in column (group) 14, which have in common the composition of their outer electron shell. It is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. There are three naturally occurring isotopes, with 12C and 13C being stable, while 14C is radioactive, decaying with a half-life of about 5,730 years. Carbon is one of the few elements known since antiquity.Carbon is the 15th most abundant element in the Earth's crust, and the fourth most abundant element in the universe by mass after hydrogen, helium, and oxygen. It is present in all forms of carbon-based life, and in the human body carbon is the second most abundant element by mass (about 18.5%) after oxygen. This abundance, together with the unique diversity of organic compounds and their unusual polymer-forming ability at the temperatures commonly encountered on Earth, make this element the chemical basis of all known life.The atoms of carbon can be bonded together in different ways: allotropes of carbon. The best known are graphite, diamond, and amorphous carbon. The physical properties of carbon vary widely with the allotropic form. For example, graphite is opaque and black, while diamond is highly transparent. Graphite is soft enough to form a streak on paper (hence its name, from the Greek word ""γράφω"" which means ""to write""), while diamond is the hardest naturally-occurring material known. Graphite is a very good conductor, while diamond has a very low electrical conductivity. Under normal conditions, diamond, carbon nanotubes, and graphene have the highest thermal conductivities of all known materials. All carbon allotropes are solids under normal conditions, with graphite being the most thermodynamically stable form. They are chemically resistant and require high temperature to react even with oxygen.The most common oxidation state of carbon in inorganic compounds is +4, while +2 is found in carbon monoxide and other transition metal carbonyl complexes. The largest sources of inorganic carbon are limestones, dolomites and carbon dioxide, but significant quantities occur in organic deposits of coal, peat, oil and methane clathrates. Carbon forms a vast number of compounds, more than any other element, with almost ten million compounds described to date, which in turn are a tiny fraction of such compounds that are theoretically possible under standard conditions.