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... The reactant is called the substrate (S) The binding of the enzyme to the substrate is called the enzyme/substrate complex (ES) The binding site is called the active site The product is called the product (P) ...
... The reactant is called the substrate (S) The binding of the enzyme to the substrate is called the enzyme/substrate complex (ES) The binding site is called the active site The product is called the product (P) ...
NME2.31 - Energy Production
... The TCA cycle takes place inside the mitochondria of most cells o Involves a sequence of 8 reactions o Aerobic but does not directly require (gaseous) oxygen; uses water molecules Acetyl-CoA is fully oxidised to form CO2 and various energy-rich carrier molecules (e.g. NADH, FADH2) o Each cycle produ ...
... The TCA cycle takes place inside the mitochondria of most cells o Involves a sequence of 8 reactions o Aerobic but does not directly require (gaseous) oxygen; uses water molecules Acetyl-CoA is fully oxidised to form CO2 and various energy-rich carrier molecules (e.g. NADH, FADH2) o Each cycle produ ...
with O 2 - Pedersen Science
... Allosteric Regulation • a protein’s function at one site is affected by binding of a regulatory molecule at another site • Allosteric regulation may either inhibit or stimulate an enzyme’s activity ...
... Allosteric Regulation • a protein’s function at one site is affected by binding of a regulatory molecule at another site • Allosteric regulation may either inhibit or stimulate an enzyme’s activity ...
CellEnergyReview 2015
... Allosteric Regulation • a protein’s function at one site is affected by binding of a regulatory molecule at another site • Allosteric regulation may either inhibit or stimulate an enzyme’s activity ...
... Allosteric Regulation • a protein’s function at one site is affected by binding of a regulatory molecule at another site • Allosteric regulation may either inhibit or stimulate an enzyme’s activity ...
Midterm Final Review
... Allosteric Regulation • a protein’s function at one site is affected by binding of a regulatory molecule at another site • Allosteric regulation may either inhibit or stimulate an enzyme’s activity ...
... Allosteric Regulation • a protein’s function at one site is affected by binding of a regulatory molecule at another site • Allosteric regulation may either inhibit or stimulate an enzyme’s activity ...
Method S1.
... Glutathione disulfide reductase activity assay, based on GSH reduction of 5,5’-dithiobis-(2nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), was carried out according to Smith et al. (1988) with minor modifications. Assay mixture (1 ml) containing 0.14 mM NADPH, 0.43 mM GSSG, 0.45 mM DTNB, and cell-free sample (20-30 µl; ...
... Glutathione disulfide reductase activity assay, based on GSH reduction of 5,5’-dithiobis-(2nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), was carried out according to Smith et al. (1988) with minor modifications. Assay mixture (1 ml) containing 0.14 mM NADPH, 0.43 mM GSSG, 0.45 mM DTNB, and cell-free sample (20-30 µl; ...
i. introduction to metabolism and catabolism
... (1) Continues to remove all hydrogens from the carbohydrate (a) CO2 is the byproduct of the completely oxidized carbohydrate (b) The electrons / hydrogens are given to NAD or FAD to form NADH and FADH2 (c) These electrons will be given to the electron transport chain and eventually reduce oxygen to ...
... (1) Continues to remove all hydrogens from the carbohydrate (a) CO2 is the byproduct of the completely oxidized carbohydrate (b) The electrons / hydrogens are given to NAD or FAD to form NADH and FADH2 (c) These electrons will be given to the electron transport chain and eventually reduce oxygen to ...
Nucleotides: Be able to differentiate between a purine ring and a
... why is this called a dinucleotide? because there are two entire nucleotide moieties in the molecule. One of the nitrogenous bases is adenine (so one of the nucleotides is adenosine monophosphate) and the other nitrogenous base is nicotinamide. a closely related molecule is nicotinamide adenine dinuc ...
... why is this called a dinucleotide? because there are two entire nucleotide moieties in the molecule. One of the nitrogenous bases is adenine (so one of the nucleotides is adenosine monophosphate) and the other nitrogenous base is nicotinamide. a closely related molecule is nicotinamide adenine dinuc ...
Biology Reading Guide 6 Where all energy ultimately come from Sun
... Ø The formation of ATP by an enzyme directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an organic molecules v Where is glycolysis Ø Cytoplasmic fluid of the cell v Can cell energy NADH be ...
... Ø The formation of ATP by an enzyme directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an organic molecules v Where is glycolysis Ø Cytoplasmic fluid of the cell v Can cell energy NADH be ...
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Vocabulary File
... 7) Light Reactions = Light energy is converted to chemical energy; Energy is captured from sunlight in the chlorophyll of the chloroplasts of plant cells. 8) Dark Reactions = (Calvin Cycle); Carbon dioxide (CO2) and the chemical energy stored in ATP and NADPH powers the formation of carbohydrate mol ...
... 7) Light Reactions = Light energy is converted to chemical energy; Energy is captured from sunlight in the chlorophyll of the chloroplasts of plant cells. 8) Dark Reactions = (Calvin Cycle); Carbon dioxide (CO2) and the chemical energy stored in ATP and NADPH powers the formation of carbohydrate mol ...
lec1-introduction
... oxidase), Mg (kinases), Fe (catalase, peroxidase) • coenzymes: small non-protein but organic compounds Coenzyme A: acyl transfer Flavins: redox reaction NAD+ (NADP+): redox reactions Vitamins: derivatives of B vitamins (B1, B2, B6, B12), niacin, folic acid, riboflavin • prosthetic group: tightly bou ...
... oxidase), Mg (kinases), Fe (catalase, peroxidase) • coenzymes: small non-protein but organic compounds Coenzyme A: acyl transfer Flavins: redox reaction NAD+ (NADP+): redox reactions Vitamins: derivatives of B vitamins (B1, B2, B6, B12), niacin, folic acid, riboflavin • prosthetic group: tightly bou ...
Biochemistry: A Short Course
... 1. Enzymes have reaction specificity for a particular substrate (Many enzymes also have stereo specificity) ...
... 1. Enzymes have reaction specificity for a particular substrate (Many enzymes also have stereo specificity) ...
Aerobic Cellular Respiration
... • As acetyl-CoA enters the cycle, the CoA is released and can be used for the next pyruvate •During one complete cycle a total of 3 NAD+s and 1 FAD are reduced to form 3 NADHs and 1 FADH2s • During one complete cycle an ADP and Pi are combined to form 1 ATP • During one complete cycle, 2 CO2 molecul ...
... • As acetyl-CoA enters the cycle, the CoA is released and can be used for the next pyruvate •During one complete cycle a total of 3 NAD+s and 1 FAD are reduced to form 3 NADHs and 1 FADH2s • During one complete cycle an ADP and Pi are combined to form 1 ATP • During one complete cycle, 2 CO2 molecul ...
TRICARBOXYLIC ACID CYCLE
... carbon dioxide, reduced NAD, reduced FAD and GTP • There are negative and positive controls for the TCA cycle ...
... carbon dioxide, reduced NAD, reduced FAD and GTP • There are negative and positive controls for the TCA cycle ...
222 Coenzymes.p65
... This Factsheet summarises the role of coenzymes in photosynthesis and respiration and illustrates the types of exam questions which feature coenzymes. Coenzymes are small, organic, non-protein molecules that carry e.g. electrons and protons between enzymes. They are a type of cofactor – a substance ...
... This Factsheet summarises the role of coenzymes in photosynthesis and respiration and illustrates the types of exam questions which feature coenzymes. Coenzymes are small, organic, non-protein molecules that carry e.g. electrons and protons between enzymes. They are a type of cofactor – a substance ...
Energy Transfer and Glycolysis Cellular Respiration • Remember
... Remember that there are four stages that occur in three different places within the cell 1. Glycolysis: occurs in the cytoplasm 2. Pyruvate Oxidation: occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion 3. Kreb Cycle: occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion 4. Electron Transport and Chemiosmosis: occur on ...
... Remember that there are four stages that occur in three different places within the cell 1. Glycolysis: occurs in the cytoplasm 2. Pyruvate Oxidation: occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion 3. Kreb Cycle: occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion 4. Electron Transport and Chemiosmosis: occur on ...
Monooxygenases in the Butane and Cyclohexane Degradation
... until now. Studies indicated that this enzyme could be related to the soluble butane monooxygenase. The cyclohexane pathway contains a second monooxygenase, type: Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase (BVO). The sequences of many of these enzymes are published, their sequences are diverse. The enrichment of ...
... until now. Studies indicated that this enzyme could be related to the soluble butane monooxygenase. The cyclohexane pathway contains a second monooxygenase, type: Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase (BVO). The sequences of many of these enzymes are published, their sequences are diverse. The enrichment of ...
Cell Respiration
... This created two compartments in the mitochondria with different proton concentrations. The matrix with a low concentration and the intermembranal space with a high concentration. This results in the protons moving down their concentration gradient from the intermembranal space to the matrix. Howeve ...
... This created two compartments in the mitochondria with different proton concentrations. The matrix with a low concentration and the intermembranal space with a high concentration. This results in the protons moving down their concentration gradient from the intermembranal space to the matrix. Howeve ...
Cellular Respiration
... NAD+ (Electron carrier) – carries electron as NADH and in order for Cellular Respiration to continue NADH must donate electron elsewhere so NAD+ can recycle ...
... NAD+ (Electron carrier) – carries electron as NADH and in order for Cellular Respiration to continue NADH must donate electron elsewhere so NAD+ can recycle ...
Metabolic Pathways and Energy Production
... • Chromosomes in the nucleus contain genetic material • Cytoplasm is material between nucleus and cell membrane • Mitochondria are where energy-producing reactions occur ...
... • Chromosomes in the nucleus contain genetic material • Cytoplasm is material between nucleus and cell membrane • Mitochondria are where energy-producing reactions occur ...
Metabolic Pathways a..
... • Chromosomes in the nucleus contain genetic material • Cytoplasm is material between nucleus and cell membrane • Mitochondria are where energy-producing reactions occur ...
... • Chromosomes in the nucleus contain genetic material • Cytoplasm is material between nucleus and cell membrane • Mitochondria are where energy-producing reactions occur ...
oxidation
... First 5 reactions consume energy: 2 ATP molecules are used to phosphorylate and activate glucose to 3-carbon sugar phosphate Aerobic Respiration nd 2 set of reactions: hydrogen atoms are removed (Respiration using O2) (oxidation) by NAD+ forming NADH (reduction): 2NAD+ + 4H (oxidation) 2 NADH (tha ...
... First 5 reactions consume energy: 2 ATP molecules are used to phosphorylate and activate glucose to 3-carbon sugar phosphate Aerobic Respiration nd 2 set of reactions: hydrogen atoms are removed (Respiration using O2) (oxidation) by NAD+ forming NADH (reduction): 2NAD+ + 4H (oxidation) 2 NADH (tha ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.