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Amino acid metabolism III. Brake down of amino acids
... • much of the catabolism of amino acids takes place in the liver • branched-chain amino acids are oxidized as fuels primarily in the muscles, adipose, kidney, and brain tissue ...
... • much of the catabolism of amino acids takes place in the liver • branched-chain amino acids are oxidized as fuels primarily in the muscles, adipose, kidney, and brain tissue ...
5-MGD Session 3, Lec 5, 2014
... 1. Virtually all enzymes are proteins Some enzymes also require the presence of additional chemical components to catalyse reactions. *Cofactors are inorganic ions such as Fe2+, Mn2+etc. *Coenzymes are organic compounds that act as temporary carriers of groups in the reaction e.g. nicotinamide adeni ...
... 1. Virtually all enzymes are proteins Some enzymes also require the presence of additional chemical components to catalyse reactions. *Cofactors are inorganic ions such as Fe2+, Mn2+etc. *Coenzymes are organic compounds that act as temporary carriers of groups in the reaction e.g. nicotinamide adeni ...
October Syllabus
... Describe the forms of energy found in an apple as it grows on a tree, then falls and is digested by someone who eats it. ...
... Describe the forms of energy found in an apple as it grows on a tree, then falls and is digested by someone who eats it. ...
Metabolism 4 - DR CLEM KUEK
... Used to biosynthesise cell components, storage compounds, excreted as CO2 , wastes and other compounds e.g. antibiotics ...
... Used to biosynthesise cell components, storage compounds, excreted as CO2 , wastes and other compounds e.g. antibiotics ...
2.2.5-H.2.2.10 Respiration - Intermediate School Biology
... the pyruvate molecule enters the mitochondrion and is broken down to one molecule of carbon dioxide and a two-carbon acetyl group, acetyl Co-enzyme A. ...
... the pyruvate molecule enters the mitochondrion and is broken down to one molecule of carbon dioxide and a two-carbon acetyl group, acetyl Co-enzyme A. ...
Metal Ion Transport and Storage
... – High charge density cations require help • Once inside the cell, metal ions must be transported to the location of their use, then released or stored for later – Release from ligand is often not trivial – Storage requires additional molecules ...
... – High charge density cations require help • Once inside the cell, metal ions must be transported to the location of their use, then released or stored for later – Release from ligand is often not trivial – Storage requires additional molecules ...
SUPPLEMENTARY DISCUSSION The applied Hi3 approach relies
... corresponding protein [1]. However, the ionization properties of specific peptides may influence the corresponding signal intensity during the mass spectrometric measurement. This may interfere with subsequent calculations of the absolute quantity of proteins. Moreover, a critical evaluation of the ...
... corresponding protein [1]. However, the ionization properties of specific peptides may influence the corresponding signal intensity during the mass spectrometric measurement. This may interfere with subsequent calculations of the absolute quantity of proteins. Moreover, a critical evaluation of the ...
Nerve activates contraction
... Oxidation-Reduction is Important in Energy Production In biological systems, the electrons are often associated with hydrogen atoms. Biological oxidations are often dehydrogenations. ...
... Oxidation-Reduction is Important in Energy Production In biological systems, the electrons are often associated with hydrogen atoms. Biological oxidations are often dehydrogenations. ...
chapter 20 lecture (ppt file)
... Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ...
... Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ...
Nutrition PowerPoint
... You will notice that even after you have finished racing you will continue to breath hard. At this point your body is still trying to repay the oxygen debt that was created when you were working hard. Technically, it is excessive post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC). ...
... You will notice that even after you have finished racing you will continue to breath hard. At this point your body is still trying to repay the oxygen debt that was created when you were working hard. Technically, it is excessive post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC). ...
Chem*3560 Lecture 21: Fatty acid synthase
... acyl-S-ACP (the product of enoyl ACP reductase), acyl transferase transfers the saturated acyl from ACP to the auxilary HS-Enz site (right). This allows for another cycle of elongation of an existing chain, and makes HS-ACP available for the next reaction. The enzyme malonyl CoA-ACP transferase (MT) ...
... acyl-S-ACP (the product of enoyl ACP reductase), acyl transferase transfers the saturated acyl from ACP to the auxilary HS-Enz site (right). This allows for another cycle of elongation of an existing chain, and makes HS-ACP available for the next reaction. The enzyme malonyl CoA-ACP transferase (MT) ...
Energy for Cells
... An electron transport chain operates like a bucket brigade. Each electron carrier (#1–5) is alternatively reduced (orange) and oxidized as if the electrons were a bucket being passed from person to person. As oxidation-reduction occurs, energy is released that will be used to make ATP. ...
... An electron transport chain operates like a bucket brigade. Each electron carrier (#1–5) is alternatively reduced (orange) and oxidized as if the electrons were a bucket being passed from person to person. As oxidation-reduction occurs, energy is released that will be used to make ATP. ...
File
... • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP • The chain’s function is to break the large freeenergy drop from f ...
... • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP • The chain’s function is to break the large freeenergy drop from f ...
File - Wk 1-2
... 3. Describe the pathways involved in energy metabolism: glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, beta-oxidation, amino acid breakdown, TCA cycle and electron transport chain. For each, include the cellular location, the major organs in which each pathway is active and the effect of starvation or flux of substra ...
... 3. Describe the pathways involved in energy metabolism: glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, beta-oxidation, amino acid breakdown, TCA cycle and electron transport chain. For each, include the cellular location, the major organs in which each pathway is active and the effect of starvation or flux of substra ...
In 1869, Russia`s Dmitri Mendeleev and Germany`s Lothar Meyer
... are needed t o s ee thi s pi c ture. ...
... are needed t o s ee thi s pi c ture. ...
Structure-Guided Site-Directed Mutagenesis of the Bacterial ATP
... The synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi is facilitated by a proton transport mechanism found in the membrane embedded FO complex. Proton motive force (pmf) is the electrochemical gradient of protons utilized by Fo to drive synthesis of ATP at catalytic sites located in the F1 complex (Fig. 1; Duncan 20 ...
... The synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi is facilitated by a proton transport mechanism found in the membrane embedded FO complex. Proton motive force (pmf) is the electrochemical gradient of protons utilized by Fo to drive synthesis of ATP at catalytic sites located in the F1 complex (Fig. 1; Duncan 20 ...
Glucose-6-P to Fructose-6-P
... The Fate of NADH and Pyruvate Aerobic or anaerobic?? • NADH is energy - two possible fates: – If O2 is available, NADH is re-oxidized in the electron transport pathway, making ATP in oxidative phosphorylation – In anaerobic conditions, NADH is re-oxidized by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), providing a ...
... The Fate of NADH and Pyruvate Aerobic or anaerobic?? • NADH is energy - two possible fates: – If O2 is available, NADH is re-oxidized in the electron transport pathway, making ATP in oxidative phosphorylation – In anaerobic conditions, NADH is re-oxidized by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), providing a ...
unit 1: introduction to biology
... residue in its active site and the formation of a thiohemiacetal physiologically, GAPDH enzyme activity is regulated by substrate levels ...
... residue in its active site and the formation of a thiohemiacetal physiologically, GAPDH enzyme activity is regulated by substrate levels ...
Fermentation EnBio
... that they can switch between aerobic respiration and fermentation, depending on the availability of oxygen. Certain prokaryotes, like Clostridia bacteria, are obligate anaerobes. Obligate anaerobes live and grow in the absence of molecular oxygen. Oxygen is a poison to these microorganisms and kills ...
... that they can switch between aerobic respiration and fermentation, depending on the availability of oxygen. Certain prokaryotes, like Clostridia bacteria, are obligate anaerobes. Obligate anaerobes live and grow in the absence of molecular oxygen. Oxygen is a poison to these microorganisms and kills ...
Chapter 2b Packet
... 23. Temperature and _________ can affect enzyme activity. 24. ________________ a class of organic compounds that includes fats, steroids, and waxes. 25. The building blocks of proteins are ________________; carbohydrates are _______________; nucleic acids are ___________________; and lipids are ____ ...
... 23. Temperature and _________ can affect enzyme activity. 24. ________________ a class of organic compounds that includes fats, steroids, and waxes. 25. The building blocks of proteins are ________________; carbohydrates are _______________; nucleic acids are ___________________; and lipids are ____ ...
Glucose-6-P to Fructose-6-P
... The Fate of NADH and Pyruvate Aerobic or anaerobic?? • NADH is energy - two possible fates: – If O2 is available, NADH is re-oxidized in the electron transport pathway, making ATP in oxidative phosphorylation – In anaerobic conditions, NADH is re-oxidized by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), providing a ...
... The Fate of NADH and Pyruvate Aerobic or anaerobic?? • NADH is energy - two possible fates: – If O2 is available, NADH is re-oxidized in the electron transport pathway, making ATP in oxidative phosphorylation – In anaerobic conditions, NADH is re-oxidized by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), providing a ...
03-232 Biochemistry Exam III - S2014 Name:________________________
... likely difference between the fatty acids in these two oils and how does this difference affect their melting temperatures? What fundamental thermodynamic interaction (e.g. H-bonds, electrostatics) is responsible for this difference? Choice B: The concentration of two short polypeptides in membranes ...
... likely difference between the fatty acids in these two oils and how does this difference affect their melting temperatures? What fundamental thermodynamic interaction (e.g. H-bonds, electrostatics) is responsible for this difference? Choice B: The concentration of two short polypeptides in membranes ...
Metabolism Power Point
... – Energy can be transferred and transformed – Energy cannot be created or destroyed • The first law is also called the principle of ...
... – Energy can be transferred and transformed – Energy cannot be created or destroyed • The first law is also called the principle of ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.