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Unraveling the substrate specificity of a new ABC
... Biozentrum der Universität Basel (Basel, CH) ...
... Biozentrum der Universität Basel (Basel, CH) ...
Organic Chemistry
... • All proteins are polymers constructed of subunits called amino acids. There are 20 types of amino acids in protein. Thus, the biological language expressed in proteins is a huge vocabulary of a complex words based on an alphabet (these 20 amino acids). The meaning of a protein rests in the exact o ...
... • All proteins are polymers constructed of subunits called amino acids. There are 20 types of amino acids in protein. Thus, the biological language expressed in proteins is a huge vocabulary of a complex words based on an alphabet (these 20 amino acids). The meaning of a protein rests in the exact o ...
Microbial Fuel Cells: Plug-in and Power
... of alternative electron acceptors, and to generate electrical current, while protons (green arrow) travel thorough the cation microbial growth. Electrochemical pomembrane. Together both function to reduce the terminal electron acceptor, which in this case is oxygen, in the cathode. (B) Redox tower f ...
... of alternative electron acceptors, and to generate electrical current, while protons (green arrow) travel thorough the cation microbial growth. Electrochemical pomembrane. Together both function to reduce the terminal electron acceptor, which in this case is oxygen, in the cathode. (B) Redox tower f ...
mitochondria
... The oxidation of acetyl CoA to CO2 is coupled to the reduction of NAD+ and FAD to NADH and FADH2, respectively. Most of the energy derived from oxidative metabolism is then produced by the process ofoxidative phosphorylation (discussed in detail in the next section), which takes place in the inner m ...
... The oxidation of acetyl CoA to CO2 is coupled to the reduction of NAD+ and FAD to NADH and FADH2, respectively. Most of the energy derived from oxidative metabolism is then produced by the process ofoxidative phosphorylation (discussed in detail in the next section), which takes place in the inner m ...
Section: Energy and Chemical Reactions
... in water; have pH values below 7 b. form hydroxide ions when dissolved in water; have pH values above 7 c. water-soluble compounds 5. b ...
... in water; have pH values below 7 b. form hydroxide ions when dissolved in water; have pH values above 7 c. water-soluble compounds 5. b ...
Biochemistry - Circle of Docs
... 27. Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase is the rate limiting enzyme in which pathway a. Pentose phosphate pathway 28. a vegetarian presents with concave nails, cold extremities and decrease in blood pressure. This is most likely due to a deficiency of _____________. a. Iron 29. The major action of enz ...
... 27. Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase is the rate limiting enzyme in which pathway a. Pentose phosphate pathway 28. a vegetarian presents with concave nails, cold extremities and decrease in blood pressure. This is most likely due to a deficiency of _____________. a. Iron 29. The major action of enz ...
Dr. V. Main Powerpoint
... • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP • The chain’s function is to break the large freeenergy drop from f ...
... • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP • The chain’s function is to break the large freeenergy drop from f ...
Answers to end of chapter questions
... 16. Which one of the following statements is correct with regard to an integral membrane protein? (D) All of the above statements are correct 17. A barrel-like structure, with the walls of the barrel made up of b-sheet, is a typical feature of what? (C) Transmembrane protein 18. What is the e ...
... 16. Which one of the following statements is correct with regard to an integral membrane protein? (D) All of the above statements are correct 17. A barrel-like structure, with the walls of the barrel made up of b-sheet, is a typical feature of what? (C) Transmembrane protein 18. What is the e ...
MS Word Version
... secondary structure. A myoglobin polypeptide is comprised of 8 separate right handed ahelices, designated A through H, that are connected by short non helical regions. Amino acid R-groups packed into the interior of the molecule are predominantly hydrophobic in character while those exposed on the s ...
... secondary structure. A myoglobin polypeptide is comprised of 8 separate right handed ahelices, designated A through H, that are connected by short non helical regions. Amino acid R-groups packed into the interior of the molecule are predominantly hydrophobic in character while those exposed on the s ...
C485 Exam I - Chemistry Courses: About
... group with an amino group in nucleotide biosynthesis. (Hint, this is somewhat similar to the two strategies used to install side chain amides in amino acids.) You must illustrate your answer with a relevant structure for each mechanism. ...
... group with an amino group in nucleotide biosynthesis. (Hint, this is somewhat similar to the two strategies used to install side chain amides in amino acids.) You must illustrate your answer with a relevant structure for each mechanism. ...
Close Reading for Macromolecules
... 25. ____Peptide______ bonds form when water is removed to hold ____amino acids_____ acids together. Lipids are large, nonpolar (won't dissolve in water) molecules. Phospholipids make up cell membranes. Lipids also serve as waxy coverings (cuticle) on plants, pigments (chlorophyll), and steroids. Lip ...
... 25. ____Peptide______ bonds form when water is removed to hold ____amino acids_____ acids together. Lipids are large, nonpolar (won't dissolve in water) molecules. Phospholipids make up cell membranes. Lipids also serve as waxy coverings (cuticle) on plants, pigments (chlorophyll), and steroids. Lip ...
Prescott`s Microbiology, 9th Edition 12 Anabolism: The Use of
... 3. Nitrogen fixation is the reduction of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia; this is catalyzed by the enzyme nitrogenase, which is found in only a few species of bacteria, archaea, and cyanobacteria; nitrogen fixation requires an expenditure of 16 ATP molecules and 8 electrons per N 2 reduced; the ammo ...
... 3. Nitrogen fixation is the reduction of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia; this is catalyzed by the enzyme nitrogenase, which is found in only a few species of bacteria, archaea, and cyanobacteria; nitrogen fixation requires an expenditure of 16 ATP molecules and 8 electrons per N 2 reduced; the ammo ...
Teaching metabolic pathways
... Oxidation/reduction reactions are also important in the energy profile of a pathway, since the energy of high potential electrons can readily be converted into ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. The pathway of reducing equivalents can usually be described as the involvement of electron carriers, such ...
... Oxidation/reduction reactions are also important in the energy profile of a pathway, since the energy of high potential electrons can readily be converted into ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. The pathway of reducing equivalents can usually be described as the involvement of electron carriers, such ...
Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
... • The chain’s function is to break the large freeenergy drop from food to O2 into smaller steps that release energy in manageable amounts ...
... • The chain’s function is to break the large freeenergy drop from food to O2 into smaller steps that release energy in manageable amounts ...
CHM 103 Lecture 36 S07
... • the disruption of bonds in the secondary, tertiary and quaternary protein structures. • heat and organic compounds: break apart H bonds and disrupt hydrophobic interactions. • acids and bases: break H bonds between polar R groups and disrupt ionic bonds. • heavy metal ions: react with S-S bonds to ...
... • the disruption of bonds in the secondary, tertiary and quaternary protein structures. • heat and organic compounds: break apart H bonds and disrupt hydrophobic interactions. • acids and bases: break H bonds between polar R groups and disrupt ionic bonds. • heavy metal ions: react with S-S bonds to ...
8/27/08 Transcript I
... All are inactive. They are an enzyme precursor to an enzyme with very little activity. – ogen, means it is a precursor. Why create enzyme with little activity? If you created active enzyme it would begin to digest (or whatever the activity) and would be a bad thing. Ex. Chymotrypsinogen is cle ...
... All are inactive. They are an enzyme precursor to an enzyme with very little activity. – ogen, means it is a precursor. Why create enzyme with little activity? If you created active enzyme it would begin to digest (or whatever the activity) and would be a bad thing. Ex. Chymotrypsinogen is cle ...
Slides - Websupport1
... • STEP3: Coenzyme Q accepts hydrogen atoms from FMNH2 and FADH2 and passes electrons to cytochrome b. • STEP4: Electrons are passed along the electron transport system, losing energy in a series of small steps. The sequence is cytochrome b to c to a to a3. • STEP5: At the end of the ETS, an oxygen a ...
... • STEP3: Coenzyme Q accepts hydrogen atoms from FMNH2 and FADH2 and passes electrons to cytochrome b. • STEP4: Electrons are passed along the electron transport system, losing energy in a series of small steps. The sequence is cytochrome b to c to a to a3. • STEP5: At the end of the ETS, an oxygen a ...
Food Fuels and Three Energy Systems
... destruction of cells in acidic conditions. The hydrogen ions then combine with pyruvate to form lactate, which is then converted to glycogen and made available to release further energy. Around 80% of lactic acid is diffused from the muscles and circulated through the liver for reconversion into glu ...
... destruction of cells in acidic conditions. The hydrogen ions then combine with pyruvate to form lactate, which is then converted to glycogen and made available to release further energy. Around 80% of lactic acid is diffused from the muscles and circulated through the liver for reconversion into glu ...
Monday Oct
... • Classification of Myofiber types – Speed of myosin ATPase – Metabolic sources of ATP – Fatigability ...
... • Classification of Myofiber types – Speed of myosin ATPase – Metabolic sources of ATP – Fatigability ...
Active Transport of Amino Acids by Membrane
... which are extensively assimilated and metabolized when supplied in the growth medium (Rittenberg, I 969; Kelly, 1971) and can, under certain conditions, actually increase growth yield (Kuenen & Veldkamp, 1973). These findings have disproved the hypothesis (Winogradsky, I 890) that organic compounds ...
... which are extensively assimilated and metabolized when supplied in the growth medium (Rittenberg, I 969; Kelly, 1971) and can, under certain conditions, actually increase growth yield (Kuenen & Veldkamp, 1973). These findings have disproved the hypothesis (Winogradsky, I 890) that organic compounds ...
Document
... Carbohydrate – Energy is stored in bonds. Carbohydrates contain large numbers of bonds. Nucleic acid – Nucleic acids are well-suited to store information in the repeating sequences of their base pairs. They are also structured to split and replicate easily, allowing the genetic information to be eas ...
... Carbohydrate – Energy is stored in bonds. Carbohydrates contain large numbers of bonds. Nucleic acid – Nucleic acids are well-suited to store information in the repeating sequences of their base pairs. They are also structured to split and replicate easily, allowing the genetic information to be eas ...
Worksheet 8 Notes - Department of Chemistry | Oregon State
... Cu (s) → Cu2+ (aq) (Oxidation—the oxidation number of copper is increasing from 0 to 2+) NO3- (aq) → NO2 (g) (Reduction—the oxidation number of nitrogen is decreasing from 5+ to 4+) Step 3: Balance atoms (except H and O) This step is not necessary—copper and nitrogen are balanced. Step 4: Balance ox ...
... Cu (s) → Cu2+ (aq) (Oxidation—the oxidation number of copper is increasing from 0 to 2+) NO3- (aq) → NO2 (g) (Reduction—the oxidation number of nitrogen is decreasing from 5+ to 4+) Step 3: Balance atoms (except H and O) This step is not necessary—copper and nitrogen are balanced. Step 4: Balance ox ...
gil, virginia
... Carbon has a total of six electrons, with two in the first electron shell and four in the second shell. Having four valence electrons in a shell that holds eight, carbon has little tendency to gain or lose electrons and form ionic bonds; it would have to donate or accept for electrons to do so. Inst ...
... Carbon has a total of six electrons, with two in the first electron shell and four in the second shell. Having four valence electrons in a shell that holds eight, carbon has little tendency to gain or lose electrons and form ionic bonds; it would have to donate or accept for electrons to do so. Inst ...
File
... oxygen (rusting, burning) Oxidation refers to a loss of electrons Reduction refers to a gain of electrons ...
... oxygen (rusting, burning) Oxidation refers to a loss of electrons Reduction refers to a gain of electrons ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.