Pyruvate Oxidation and the Krebs Cycle
... Reactants: 2 pyruvate, 2 NAD+, 2 CoA Products: 2 acetyl-CoA, 2 NADH, 2 H+, 2 CO2 Converts Pyruvate/ pyruvic acid into Acetyl-CoA Which takes places two times for every glucose molecule ...
... Reactants: 2 pyruvate, 2 NAD+, 2 CoA Products: 2 acetyl-CoA, 2 NADH, 2 H+, 2 CO2 Converts Pyruvate/ pyruvic acid into Acetyl-CoA Which takes places two times for every glucose molecule ...
RespirationWrapUp
... regulation by final products & raw materials levels of intermediates compounds in pathways regulation of earlier steps in pathways levels of other biomolecules in body regulates rate of siphoning off to synthesis pathways AP Biology ...
... regulation by final products & raw materials levels of intermediates compounds in pathways regulation of earlier steps in pathways levels of other biomolecules in body regulates rate of siphoning off to synthesis pathways AP Biology ...
Ch_9 Control of Respiration
... regulation by final products & raw materials levels of intermediates compounds in pathways regulation of earlier steps in pathways levels of other biomolecules in body regulates rate of siphoning off to synthesis pathways AP Biology ...
... regulation by final products & raw materials levels of intermediates compounds in pathways regulation of earlier steps in pathways levels of other biomolecules in body regulates rate of siphoning off to synthesis pathways AP Biology ...
Human Physiology Quiz Questions: 1) Purines degrade into what
... 2) What molecule is deposited into the joints when you suffer from gout? 3) What two brush border enzymes aid in the digestion and absorption of nucleic acids? 4) What is ‘de novo synthesis’ of nucleic acids and where does it take place? 5) What is the difference between a nucleoside and a nucleotid ...
... 2) What molecule is deposited into the joints when you suffer from gout? 3) What two brush border enzymes aid in the digestion and absorption of nucleic acids? 4) What is ‘de novo synthesis’ of nucleic acids and where does it take place? 5) What is the difference between a nucleoside and a nucleotid ...
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION AND PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
... equivalent is used to designate a single electron equivalent transferred in an oxidation-reduction reaction. In addition to NAD and flavoproteins, three other types of electron-carrying molecules function in the respiratory chain: a hydrophobic quinone (ubiquinone) and two different types of iron-co ...
... equivalent is used to designate a single electron equivalent transferred in an oxidation-reduction reaction. In addition to NAD and flavoproteins, three other types of electron-carrying molecules function in the respiratory chain: a hydrophobic quinone (ubiquinone) and two different types of iron-co ...
Camp 1 - University of California, Santa Cruz
... Fatty Acids and Energy • Fatty acids in triglycerides are the principal storage form ...
... Fatty Acids and Energy • Fatty acids in triglycerides are the principal storage form ...
Cells and Energy Cellular Respiration Chapter 2 Lesson 4 Part 1
... is a series of chemical reactions that convert the energy in food molecules into a usable form of energy called ATP the breaking down of an energy source by cells to obtain usable energy ...
... is a series of chemical reactions that convert the energy in food molecules into a usable form of energy called ATP the breaking down of an energy source by cells to obtain usable energy ...
Caught in the act – modelling how a biological catalyst works
... (the backbone carbonyl of a proline amino acid residue) and the hydroxyl group as it is transferred onto the substrate. The active site of the enzyme is exquisitely well organized to stabilize the transition state, in a way that was not at all obvious until the reaction was modelled. The calculation ...
... (the backbone carbonyl of a proline amino acid residue) and the hydroxyl group as it is transferred onto the substrate. The active site of the enzyme is exquisitely well organized to stabilize the transition state, in a way that was not at all obvious until the reaction was modelled. The calculation ...
Pathways that Harvest and Store Chemical Energy
... About 32 molecules of ATP are produced for each fully oxidized glucose. The role of O2: most of the ATP is formed by oxidative phosphorylation, which is due to the reoxidation of NADH. Some bacteria and archaea use other electron acceptors. • Geobacter metallireducens can use iron (Fe3+) or uranium ...
... About 32 molecules of ATP are produced for each fully oxidized glucose. The role of O2: most of the ATP is formed by oxidative phosphorylation, which is due to the reoxidation of NADH. Some bacteria and archaea use other electron acceptors. • Geobacter metallireducens can use iron (Fe3+) or uranium ...
Document
... • Hydrogen has one electron; it needs one more to fill the inner shell so that it can form one bond. • Carbon has 6 electrons; 2 fill the inner shell and 4 are in the next shell. It needs 4 more electrons so that it can form 4 bonds. ...
... • Hydrogen has one electron; it needs one more to fill the inner shell so that it can form one bond. • Carbon has 6 electrons; 2 fill the inner shell and 4 are in the next shell. It needs 4 more electrons so that it can form 4 bonds. ...
... In addition to compartmentalizing the metabolic pathways and physiological states of the cell, mitochondria generate much of the cellular energy, regulate the cellular oxidation–reduction (redox) state, produce most of the cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), buffer cellular Ca2+ and initiate cel ...
Dec. 15 , 2012, 9:00 am – noon - Dr. K. Brown
... (b) Draw a Lewis dot structure for the following molecules and indicate whether they are polar or non-polar. (3 marks) The central atom has been underlined in each molecule. i) CF4 ...
... (b) Draw a Lewis dot structure for the following molecules and indicate whether they are polar or non-polar. (3 marks) The central atom has been underlined in each molecule. i) CF4 ...
Chapter 2 Review PPT
... Neutral particle found in the nucleus of an atom neutron Molecule such as glycogen, starch, or cellulose, made by joining many monosaccharide (sugar) molecules ...
... Neutral particle found in the nucleus of an atom neutron Molecule such as glycogen, starch, or cellulose, made by joining many monosaccharide (sugar) molecules ...
Citric Acid Cycle
... FADH2 into the electron transport chain. • Succinate dehydrogenase (complex II) is an integral membrane protein containing an iron-sulfur prosthetic group. The protein is attached to the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) and feeds electrons directly into the electron-transport chain, the link betwe ...
... FADH2 into the electron transport chain. • Succinate dehydrogenase (complex II) is an integral membrane protein containing an iron-sulfur prosthetic group. The protein is attached to the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) and feeds electrons directly into the electron-transport chain, the link betwe ...
Energy Pathways and Anaerobic Metabolism
... and plants exchange gases with their environments? A) Animals use only photosynthesis, while plants use both photosynthesis and respiration. B) Animals use only respiration, while plants use both photosynthesis and respiration. C) Animals use both photosynthesis and respiration, while plants use onl ...
... and plants exchange gases with their environments? A) Animals use only photosynthesis, while plants use both photosynthesis and respiration. B) Animals use only respiration, while plants use both photosynthesis and respiration. C) Animals use both photosynthesis and respiration, while plants use onl ...
Mechanisms of Enzyme Regulation • Substrate concentration
... Product inhibition. If the product accumulates, it can inhibit some enzymes. This form of control limits the rate of formation of the product when the product is underused. Besides you can remember that Enzymes do not affect equilibrium constants. It means that increasing product concentration cause ...
... Product inhibition. If the product accumulates, it can inhibit some enzymes. This form of control limits the rate of formation of the product when the product is underused. Besides you can remember that Enzymes do not affect equilibrium constants. It means that increasing product concentration cause ...
AP Bio Extra Credit Study Tool
... The diffusion of particles across a selectively permeable membrane with the assistance of the membrane’s transport ...
... The diffusion of particles across a selectively permeable membrane with the assistance of the membrane’s transport ...
Document
... b. Tyrosine is converted to the citric acid cycle intermediate fumarate. The remaining reactions of the citric acid cycle from fumarate to oxaloacetate produce one NADH, which provides 2.5 ATP. c. Tryptophan is converted to the citric acid cycle intermediate acetyl CoA. The reactions in the citric a ...
... b. Tyrosine is converted to the citric acid cycle intermediate fumarate. The remaining reactions of the citric acid cycle from fumarate to oxaloacetate produce one NADH, which provides 2.5 ATP. c. Tryptophan is converted to the citric acid cycle intermediate acetyl CoA. The reactions in the citric a ...
Hydrogen Bonding
... though the charge of four oxygen molecules is -8, each molecule has a -2 charge. ...
... though the charge of four oxygen molecules is -8, each molecule has a -2 charge. ...
Nutrition
... 2) Each FADH2 stores enough energy to create 1.5 molecules of ATP G) Results in the production of 28 ATP; therefore the entire process from glycolysis thru ETC yields a net of 32 ATP ...
... 2) Each FADH2 stores enough energy to create 1.5 molecules of ATP G) Results in the production of 28 ATP; therefore the entire process from glycolysis thru ETC yields a net of 32 ATP ...
File
... During strenuous muscular activity, creatine phosphate in muscle cells breaks down, releasing energy and phosphate, which is used to convert ADP to ATP by phosphorylation Creatine phosphate system can only support strenuous muscle activity for around 10 seconds, and then the creatine phosphate suppl ...
... During strenuous muscular activity, creatine phosphate in muscle cells breaks down, releasing energy and phosphate, which is used to convert ADP to ATP by phosphorylation Creatine phosphate system can only support strenuous muscle activity for around 10 seconds, and then the creatine phosphate suppl ...
Atomic Structure Tick Sheet
... I know that electrons are arranged around the nucleus of an atom in SHELLS or ENERGY LEVELS. I know that the shell nearest to the nucleus is FULL when it has a maximum of 2 electrons. I know that the other shells can hold a maximum of 8 electrons. I know that the combining power (valency) of an elem ...
... I know that electrons are arranged around the nucleus of an atom in SHELLS or ENERGY LEVELS. I know that the shell nearest to the nucleus is FULL when it has a maximum of 2 electrons. I know that the other shells can hold a maximum of 8 electrons. I know that the combining power (valency) of an elem ...
document
... IN which part of living organism respiration takes place? What are the main differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration in the amount of energy released from one molecule of glucose? Victims of drowning who have stopped brea ...
... IN which part of living organism respiration takes place? What are the main differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration in the amount of energy released from one molecule of glucose? Victims of drowning who have stopped brea ...
Practice Exam - mvhs
... c) Could the inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase be overcome by adding excessive amounts of succinate? YES or NO d) Explain your answer to part (c). _______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ 6. The fo ...
... c) Could the inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase be overcome by adding excessive amounts of succinate? YES or NO d) Explain your answer to part (c). _______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ 6. The fo ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.