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... - When we exercise, the O2 stored in our muscle cells is used. - Pyruvate is reduced to lactate. - Accumulation of lactate causes the muscles to tire and sore. - Then we breathe rapidly to repay the O2. - Most lactate is transported to liver to convert back into pyruvate. ...
... - When we exercise, the O2 stored in our muscle cells is used. - Pyruvate is reduced to lactate. - Accumulation of lactate causes the muscles to tire and sore. - Then we breathe rapidly to repay the O2. - Most lactate is transported to liver to convert back into pyruvate. ...
Chapter 8 Enzyme PPT
... Enzymes aren’t used up Enzymes are not changed by the reaction used only temporarily re-used again for the same reaction with other molecules very little enzyme needed to help in many reactions ...
... Enzymes aren’t used up Enzymes are not changed by the reaction used only temporarily re-used again for the same reaction with other molecules very little enzyme needed to help in many reactions ...
Chapter 7 How Cells Make ATP: Energy
... • Series of electron carriers • Each carrier exists in oxidized or reduced form • Electrons pass down the electron transport chain in series of redox reactions • Lose energy as pass along the chain • Released energy is used to pump protons across the inner membrane space (Hydrogen ions=protons) • Ox ...
... • Series of electron carriers • Each carrier exists in oxidized or reduced form • Electrons pass down the electron transport chain in series of redox reactions • Lose energy as pass along the chain • Released energy is used to pump protons across the inner membrane space (Hydrogen ions=protons) • Ox ...
Free radicals
... and thereby activate the cell's apoptotic machinery. In addition, mitochondrial ROS production leads to induction of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP), which renders the inner membrane permeable to small molecules in situations such as ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Consequently, i ...
... and thereby activate the cell's apoptotic machinery. In addition, mitochondrial ROS production leads to induction of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP), which renders the inner membrane permeable to small molecules in situations such as ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Consequently, i ...
Digestible carbohydrates
... A. The pancreatic juice: This juice contains pancreatic amylase, an glycosidase. It has an optimum pH 7.1 and is also activated by chloride ion. It acts exactly as salivary amylase, digesting cooked and uncooked starch, glycogen and starch dextrins which escaped digestion by salivary amylase in the ...
... A. The pancreatic juice: This juice contains pancreatic amylase, an glycosidase. It has an optimum pH 7.1 and is also activated by chloride ion. It acts exactly as salivary amylase, digesting cooked and uncooked starch, glycogen and starch dextrins which escaped digestion by salivary amylase in the ...
cell cycle
... (2) rearranges the bonds in glucose molecules, releasing free energy to form ATP from ADP through substrate-level phosphorylation resulting in the production of pyruvate. c. Kreb’s cycle (1) occurs in mitochondrial matrix (2) also called the citric acid cycle (3) occurs twice per molecule of glucose ...
... (2) rearranges the bonds in glucose molecules, releasing free energy to form ATP from ADP through substrate-level phosphorylation resulting in the production of pyruvate. c. Kreb’s cycle (1) occurs in mitochondrial matrix (2) also called the citric acid cycle (3) occurs twice per molecule of glucose ...
Ch. 5: Energy and Enzymes
... • Cells carry out thousands of chemical reactions – The sum of these reactions constitutes cellular metabolism • Chemical reactions either store or release energy – Endergonic reactions—absorb and store energy in a reaction – Exergonic reactions—energy is released from reaction – Metabolism = enderg ...
... • Cells carry out thousands of chemical reactions – The sum of these reactions constitutes cellular metabolism • Chemical reactions either store or release energy – Endergonic reactions—absorb and store energy in a reaction – Exergonic reactions—energy is released from reaction – Metabolism = enderg ...
Option B Rev A
... – Do not require a transporter (e.g., carnitine transporter) to enter the mitochondria for oxidation – Metabolized more like a carbohydrate than a fat ...
... – Do not require a transporter (e.g., carnitine transporter) to enter the mitochondria for oxidation – Metabolized more like a carbohydrate than a fat ...
ATP - RCSD
... 6.9 The citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of organic molecules, generating many NADH and FADH2 molecules • Remember that the citric acid cycle processes two molecules of acetyl CoA for each initial glucose. • Thus, after two turns of the citric acid cycle, the overall yield per glucose mole ...
... 6.9 The citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of organic molecules, generating many NADH and FADH2 molecules • Remember that the citric acid cycle processes two molecules of acetyl CoA for each initial glucose. • Thus, after two turns of the citric acid cycle, the overall yield per glucose mole ...
testosterone
... 35 - Review the glands of the endocrine system. 36 - Describe the roles the hypothalamus and pituitary gland play in the maintenance of homeostasis. Use pituitary hormones as examples of the negative feedback system of control characteristic of many hormones. ...
... 35 - Review the glands of the endocrine system. 36 - Describe the roles the hypothalamus and pituitary gland play in the maintenance of homeostasis. Use pituitary hormones as examples of the negative feedback system of control characteristic of many hormones. ...
Energy and Enzymes
... • Cells carry out thousands of chemical reactions – The sum of these reactions constitutes cellular metabolism • Chemical reactions either store or release energy – Endergonic reactions—absorb and store energy in a reaction – Exergonic reactions—energy is released from reaction – Metabolism = enderg ...
... • Cells carry out thousands of chemical reactions – The sum of these reactions constitutes cellular metabolism • Chemical reactions either store or release energy – Endergonic reactions—absorb and store energy in a reaction – Exergonic reactions—energy is released from reaction – Metabolism = enderg ...
32. Nutrient assimilation.pptx
... • Carry out nutrient assimilation and osmoregulation/excretion • Evolved in pre-LUCAC organisms. ...
... • Carry out nutrient assimilation and osmoregulation/excretion • Evolved in pre-LUCAC organisms. ...
Chapters 10 and 11 Enzymes Enzymes are specialized proteins that
... Can be used to shuttle electrons between different substrates and acceptors. Thus, the reduced form acts as an electron pool. The nicotinamide ring is the active center of this molecule. 3) FAD and FMN forms of riboflavin FAD flavin adenine dinucleotide Functions in redox reactions by accepting and ...
... Can be used to shuttle electrons between different substrates and acceptors. Thus, the reduced form acts as an electron pool. The nicotinamide ring is the active center of this molecule. 3) FAD and FMN forms of riboflavin FAD flavin adenine dinucleotide Functions in redox reactions by accepting and ...
Concept 6.5 During Photosynthesis, Light Energy Is
... interchange of molecules into and out of the pathways for synthesis and breakdown. • Carbon skeletons (molecules with covalently linked carbon atoms) can enter catabolic or anabolic pathways. • These relationships comprise a metabolic ...
... interchange of molecules into and out of the pathways for synthesis and breakdown. • Carbon skeletons (molecules with covalently linked carbon atoms) can enter catabolic or anabolic pathways. • These relationships comprise a metabolic ...
The energy systems - TrackandFieldScience.com
... The enzyme creatine kinase splits the high energy phosphate from the creatine phosphate stored in the muscle and links it to ADP to reform ATP. When creatine phosphate stores run low the athlete will lose power. You see this happening in 100m runners when they begin to slow down after about 60 meter ...
... The enzyme creatine kinase splits the high energy phosphate from the creatine phosphate stored in the muscle and links it to ADP to reform ATP. When creatine phosphate stores run low the athlete will lose power. You see this happening in 100m runners when they begin to slow down after about 60 meter ...
Respiration and Lipid Metabolism - Roberto Cezar | Fisiologista
... Aerobic (oxygen-requiring) respiration is common to nearly all eukaryotic organisms, and in its broad outlines, the respiratory process in plants is similar to that found in animals and lower eukaryotes. However, some specific aspects of plant respiration distinguish it from its animal counterpart. ...
... Aerobic (oxygen-requiring) respiration is common to nearly all eukaryotic organisms, and in its broad outlines, the respiratory process in plants is similar to that found in animals and lower eukaryotes. However, some specific aspects of plant respiration distinguish it from its animal counterpart. ...
chapt06b_lecture
... Both enzymes exist in multiple forms called isozymes which have slightly different AA sequences. The forms are separable by electrophoresis which gives ...
... Both enzymes exist in multiple forms called isozymes which have slightly different AA sequences. The forms are separable by electrophoresis which gives ...
Biochemistry
... ◦ Unsaturated fat that has trans double bondscreated by hydrogenating process (adding Hydrogen) ...
... ◦ Unsaturated fat that has trans double bondscreated by hydrogenating process (adding Hydrogen) ...
Short Answer Questions: a workshop
... Look at a student’s answer to the question below and summarise it in NO MORE THAN 20 words. Question: The enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) catalyses the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA in the mitochondria. Some children have a deficiency of this enzyme activity. Explain why: these children h ...
... Look at a student’s answer to the question below and summarise it in NO MORE THAN 20 words. Question: The enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) catalyses the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA in the mitochondria. Some children have a deficiency of this enzyme activity. Explain why: these children h ...
glyoxylate cycle
... In animals, lactate formed anaerobically in muscles is converted to glucose in liver and kidney and stored as glycogen or released as blood glucose. In plants, G3P product of photosynthesis is converted to starch and stored in chloroplasts or converted to glucose and sucrose and exported to othe ...
... In animals, lactate formed anaerobically in muscles is converted to glucose in liver and kidney and stored as glycogen or released as blood glucose. In plants, G3P product of photosynthesis is converted to starch and stored in chloroplasts or converted to glucose and sucrose and exported to othe ...
Unit 3 (ch 6)
... – Cellular respiration yields CO2, H2O, and a large amount of ATP Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... – Cellular respiration yields CO2, H2O, and a large amount of ATP Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
Pyruvate Oxidation and the Krebs Cycle
... Reactants: 2 pyruvate, 2 NAD+, 2 CoA Products: 2 acetyl-CoA, 2 NADH, 2 H+, 2 CO2 Converts Pyruvate/ pyruvic acid into Acetyl-CoA Which takes places two times for every glucose molecule ...
... Reactants: 2 pyruvate, 2 NAD+, 2 CoA Products: 2 acetyl-CoA, 2 NADH, 2 H+, 2 CO2 Converts Pyruvate/ pyruvic acid into Acetyl-CoA Which takes places two times for every glucose molecule ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.