Chemistry 110 Enzymes
... which is synthesized and stored as trypsinogen, which has no enzyme activity. It becomes active only after a six-amino acid fragment is hydrolyzed from the N-terminal end of its chain. Removal of this small fragment changes not only the primary structure but also the tertiary structure, allowing the ...
... which is synthesized and stored as trypsinogen, which has no enzyme activity. It becomes active only after a six-amino acid fragment is hydrolyzed from the N-terminal end of its chain. Removal of this small fragment changes not only the primary structure but also the tertiary structure, allowing the ...
Summary
... Aerobic “respiration” in mitochondria: important for ATP synthesis and a source of intermediates for other biochemical pathways pyruvate (C3H3O3) + 4 NAD+ + FAD + GDP + Pi + 2H2O ...
... Aerobic “respiration” in mitochondria: important for ATP synthesis and a source of intermediates for other biochemical pathways pyruvate (C3H3O3) + 4 NAD+ + FAD + GDP + Pi + 2H2O ...
4.6 Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions Oxidation Reduction
... First determine oxidation numbers of each species in the reaction and then identify the oxidation and reduction processes A. Oxidation and reduction occur together. Whenever an atom loses electrons (is oxidized) another atom must gain those electrons (be reduced). B. Reducing Agent- the substance th ...
... First determine oxidation numbers of each species in the reaction and then identify the oxidation and reduction processes A. Oxidation and reduction occur together. Whenever an atom loses electrons (is oxidized) another atom must gain those electrons (be reduced). B. Reducing Agent- the substance th ...
EXAM 1 KEY
... 15. In case study 25 on glycogen storage disease, Alex has a deficiency in the enzyme Muscle phosphorlase a which lead to high levels of glycogen. What would your conclusion be if Alex's results shown elevated levels of glycogen as well as g lucose-6phosphate (instead of elevated levels of glycogen ...
... 15. In case study 25 on glycogen storage disease, Alex has a deficiency in the enzyme Muscle phosphorlase a which lead to high levels of glycogen. What would your conclusion be if Alex's results shown elevated levels of glycogen as well as g lucose-6phosphate (instead of elevated levels of glycogen ...
Biology 3A Exam 2 Study Guide The exam will consist of multiple
... Know the two laws of thermodynamics and how they relate to chemical reactions & living systems. What’s the difference between a closed and open system? What is metabolism? Catabolism? Anabolism? Examples of each. What is free energy? Know the factors that affect free energy. Know the equation ...
... Know the two laws of thermodynamics and how they relate to chemical reactions & living systems. What’s the difference between a closed and open system? What is metabolism? Catabolism? Anabolism? Examples of each. What is free energy? Know the factors that affect free energy. Know the equation ...
full size
... which is synthesized and stored as trypsinogen, which has no enzyme activity. It becomes active only after a six-amino acid fragment is hydrolyzed from the N-terminal end of its chain. Removal of this small fragment changes not only the primary structure but also the tertiary structure, allowing the ...
... which is synthesized and stored as trypsinogen, which has no enzyme activity. It becomes active only after a six-amino acid fragment is hydrolyzed from the N-terminal end of its chain. Removal of this small fragment changes not only the primary structure but also the tertiary structure, allowing the ...
Amylase
... Digestive Enzymes: are used in the lumen of the GI tract to break down complex molecules into absorbable subunits Enzymes are biological catalysts which increase the rate of a chemical reaction without themselves becoming part of the product: ...
... Digestive Enzymes: are used in the lumen of the GI tract to break down complex molecules into absorbable subunits Enzymes are biological catalysts which increase the rate of a chemical reaction without themselves becoming part of the product: ...
half-reactions - Clayton State University
... - if a sample of silver metal is placed in a 1 M Ag+ solution, a value of 0.799 V will be measured with S. H. E. as reference ...
... - if a sample of silver metal is placed in a 1 M Ag+ solution, a value of 0.799 V will be measured with S. H. E. as reference ...
2 H
... – Makes use of an organic electron acceptor – Many diverse electron acceptors used by different microorganisms • Different end products generated as a function of final electron acceptor used – Very useful for microbial identification ...
... – Makes use of an organic electron acceptor – Many diverse electron acceptors used by different microorganisms • Different end products generated as a function of final electron acceptor used – Very useful for microbial identification ...
An Introduction to Redox
... For monatomic ions, such as Mg2+, O2‐ the ON = the ion charge The sum of ON values for atoms in a molecule or formula unit = 0 ...
... For monatomic ions, such as Mg2+, O2‐ the ON = the ion charge The sum of ON values for atoms in a molecule or formula unit = 0 ...
LIPID METABOLISM
... Functions: 1- Formation of α hydroxyl fatty acids which is a constituent of brain lipids 2- Modification of FA with methyl groups on the β carbon which block β oxidation e.g. phytanic acid present in certain plants, it has 4 CH3 groups at position 3, 7, 11, 15, by initial α oxidation & removal of o ...
... Functions: 1- Formation of α hydroxyl fatty acids which is a constituent of brain lipids 2- Modification of FA with methyl groups on the β carbon which block β oxidation e.g. phytanic acid present in certain plants, it has 4 CH3 groups at position 3, 7, 11, 15, by initial α oxidation & removal of o ...
PhotosynthesisCalvin Cycle
... The leaf of a C3 plant (normal leaf). Chloroplasts are located in the palisade and spongy mesophyll. There are no chloroplasts in the bundle sheath cells. C4 photosynthesis includes the light reaction, the Calvin cycle and the Hatch-Slack pathway. These C4 plants also have a different anatomy. This ...
... The leaf of a C3 plant (normal leaf). Chloroplasts are located in the palisade and spongy mesophyll. There are no chloroplasts in the bundle sheath cells. C4 photosynthesis includes the light reaction, the Calvin cycle and the Hatch-Slack pathway. These C4 plants also have a different anatomy. This ...
Supplemental notes in pdf
... metabolic map illustrates the hierarchical nature of metabolism which includes four classes of macromolecules (proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids), six primary metabolites (amino acids, nucleotides, fatty acids, glucose, pyruvate, acetyl CoA) and six small biomolecules (NH4+, CO2, NA ...
... metabolic map illustrates the hierarchical nature of metabolism which includes four classes of macromolecules (proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids), six primary metabolites (amino acids, nucleotides, fatty acids, glucose, pyruvate, acetyl CoA) and six small biomolecules (NH4+, CO2, NA ...
Allosteric enzymes
... Patients ingested toxic levels of methanol can be treated with ethanol (CH3CH2OH) to inhibit methanol oxidation by ADH. Which is the best rationale for this treatment? a. Ethanol is structural analog of methanol – noncompetitive ...
... Patients ingested toxic levels of methanol can be treated with ethanol (CH3CH2OH) to inhibit methanol oxidation by ADH. Which is the best rationale for this treatment? a. Ethanol is structural analog of methanol – noncompetitive ...
Metabolic Pathways
... • Is the collective term for all the biochemical reactions that occur in a living cell • Reactions are turned on/off or sped up/slowed down according to the cell's immediate needs and overall functions • the numerous pathways involved in building up and breaking down cellular components must be moni ...
... • Is the collective term for all the biochemical reactions that occur in a living cell • Reactions are turned on/off or sped up/slowed down according to the cell's immediate needs and overall functions • the numerous pathways involved in building up and breaking down cellular components must be moni ...
Adenosine triphosphate Adenosine triphosphate Adenosine
... give fatty acids and glycerol. The overall process of oxidizing glucose to carbon dioxide is known as cellular respiration and can produce about 30 molecules of ATP from a single molecule of glucose.[22] ATP can be produced by a number of distinct cellular processes; the three main pathways used to ...
... give fatty acids and glycerol. The overall process of oxidizing glucose to carbon dioxide is known as cellular respiration and can produce about 30 molecules of ATP from a single molecule of glucose.[22] ATP can be produced by a number of distinct cellular processes; the three main pathways used to ...
The Calvin Cycle
... – Each 3-phosphoglycerate receives an additional phosphate group – Enzyme transfers phosphate from ATP to the molecule – A pair of electrons donated from NADPH reduces the molecule to G3P (potential energy) ...
... – Each 3-phosphoglycerate receives an additional phosphate group – Enzyme transfers phosphate from ATP to the molecule – A pair of electrons donated from NADPH reduces the molecule to G3P (potential energy) ...
Chapter 9
... • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP • The chain’s function is to break the large freeenergy drop from f ...
... • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP • The chain’s function is to break the large freeenergy drop from f ...
Chapter 9
... • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP • The chain’s function is to break the large freeenergy drop from f ...
... • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP • The chain’s function is to break the large freeenergy drop from f ...
09_Lecture_Presentation
... • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP • The chain’s function is to break the large freeenergy drop from f ...
... • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP • The chain’s function is to break the large freeenergy drop from f ...
Document
... a. increased insulin, decreased glucagon b. decreased insulin, increased glucagon c. decreased insulin, decreased glucocorticoids d. increased insulin, increased glucagon ...
... a. increased insulin, decreased glucagon b. decreased insulin, increased glucagon c. decreased insulin, decreased glucocorticoids d. increased insulin, increased glucagon ...
3. Metabolism - Professor Monzir Abdel
... The product of the Phase I reaction is a highly reactive quinoneimine, which can form adducts with (bind covalently to) cellular macromolecules, especially proteins. The binding of the reactive intermediate to cellular macromolecules destroys the activity of those molecules, and can lead to compromi ...
... The product of the Phase I reaction is a highly reactive quinoneimine, which can form adducts with (bind covalently to) cellular macromolecules, especially proteins. The binding of the reactive intermediate to cellular macromolecules destroys the activity of those molecules, and can lead to compromi ...
cycle - realfuture.org
... function of the TCA cycle using the twin enzymes isocitrate lyase and malate synthase. Aerobic respiration allows for the continued metabolism of glucose through reoxidation of the reduced forms of NADH and FADH produced by the central metabolic pathways. This occurs along the so-called ‘electron tr ...
... function of the TCA cycle using the twin enzymes isocitrate lyase and malate synthase. Aerobic respiration allows for the continued metabolism of glucose through reoxidation of the reduced forms of NADH and FADH produced by the central metabolic pathways. This occurs along the so-called ‘electron tr ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.