video slide
... • 1. Temperature and pH can increase enzyme activity, but can also denature enzymes (fig 8.18) • 2. Cofactors and coenzymes are small molecules that bind to enzymes and are necessary for catalytic function. ...
... • 1. Temperature and pH can increase enzyme activity, but can also denature enzymes (fig 8.18) • 2. Cofactors and coenzymes are small molecules that bind to enzymes and are necessary for catalytic function. ...
Module 1 (Review)
... ring-shaped monosaccharides, which are then strung together into di- and polysaccharides. There are only three different monosaccharides. Proteins contain over 20 monomer units, the amino acid. Their four-level structure also makes them more complex. ...
... ring-shaped monosaccharides, which are then strung together into di- and polysaccharides. There are only three different monosaccharides. Proteins contain over 20 monomer units, the amino acid. Their four-level structure also makes them more complex. ...
Metabolism 2 PDF
... • 1. Temperature and pH can increase enzyme activity, but can also denature enzymes (fig 8.18) • 2. Cofactors and coenzymes are small molecules that bind to enzymes and are necessary for catalytic function. ...
... • 1. Temperature and pH can increase enzyme activity, but can also denature enzymes (fig 8.18) • 2. Cofactors and coenzymes are small molecules that bind to enzymes and are necessary for catalytic function. ...
Chapter 2 - My Teacher Site
... An atom is the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element • Atoms are symbolized with the same abbreviation used for the element made up of those atoms ...
... An atom is the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element • Atoms are symbolized with the same abbreviation used for the element made up of those atoms ...
topic 2 powerpoint
... • The lock is the enzymes active site and the key is the substrate. • A certain minimum rate of motion is needed by the substrate when it enters the active site to supply the energy needed for the reaction. • This is called activation energy. • Enzymes lower the activation energy needed for a reacti ...
... • The lock is the enzymes active site and the key is the substrate. • A certain minimum rate of motion is needed by the substrate when it enters the active site to supply the energy needed for the reaction. • This is called activation energy. • Enzymes lower the activation energy needed for a reacti ...
Lanosterol Biosynthesis in the Membrane Environment
... of the lipid bilayer in order to access, steer, and release their reactants. Among the enzymes specialized in lipidic substrates, is the family of monotopic enzymes. Members of this family permanently reside in the bilayer, employing large hydrophobic surfaces to submerge into the non-polar part of ...
... of the lipid bilayer in order to access, steer, and release their reactants. Among the enzymes specialized in lipidic substrates, is the family of monotopic enzymes. Members of this family permanently reside in the bilayer, employing large hydrophobic surfaces to submerge into the non-polar part of ...
WHY DO CARDIOMYOCYTES (HEART MUSCLE CELLS) STORE
... anaerobic energy production is extremely limited? A cardiomyocyte, deprived of its blood supply, cannot continue beating for more than a few minutes at the very most. The glycogen would therefore only be ...
... anaerobic energy production is extremely limited? A cardiomyocyte, deprived of its blood supply, cannot continue beating for more than a few minutes at the very most. The glycogen would therefore only be ...
Chapter 07 and 08 Chemical Bonding and Molecular
... The name of the compound is iron(III) bromide. The Roman numeral is inserted after the name of the metal to indicate the number of electrons lost and the oxidation number. This is only done with elements that can ...
... The name of the compound is iron(III) bromide. The Roman numeral is inserted after the name of the metal to indicate the number of electrons lost and the oxidation number. This is only done with elements that can ...
05 Fermentations 2008
... • when supplied with porphyrins → they form cytochromes !?! (indicating that they were originally aerobic organisms that have lost the capacity of respiration, metabolic cripples) ...
... • when supplied with porphyrins → they form cytochromes !?! (indicating that they were originally aerobic organisms that have lost the capacity of respiration, metabolic cripples) ...
BCH101 8 Enzymes
... normal position. This imposes a strain on the C-O bond on the ring-4 side of the oxygen bridge between rings 4 and 5. It is just at this point that the polysaccharide is broken. A molecule of water is inserted between these two hexoses, which breaks the chain. Here, then, is a structural view of wha ...
... normal position. This imposes a strain on the C-O bond on the ring-4 side of the oxygen bridge between rings 4 and 5. It is just at this point that the polysaccharide is broken. A molecule of water is inserted between these two hexoses, which breaks the chain. Here, then, is a structural view of wha ...
Cellular Pathways that Harvest Chemical Energy
... is captured in usable forms. Glycolysis does not use O2. Cellular respiration uses O2 from the environment and completely converts each pyruvate molecule to three molecules of CO2 through a set of metabolic pathways. In the process, a great deal of the energy stored in the ...
... is captured in usable forms. Glycolysis does not use O2. Cellular respiration uses O2 from the environment and completely converts each pyruvate molecule to three molecules of CO2 through a set of metabolic pathways. In the process, a great deal of the energy stored in the ...
enzymology
... (a) Regulation by synthesis This type of mechanism is operative only under the circumstances when there is especial need encountered by the cell. The enzymes that perform the routine general functions are not regulated by this method. This type of control in cells is exercised at the gene level. If ...
... (a) Regulation by synthesis This type of mechanism is operative only under the circumstances when there is especial need encountered by the cell. The enzymes that perform the routine general functions are not regulated by this method. This type of control in cells is exercised at the gene level. If ...
Schuenemann_Cytochrome P450
... catalytically active heme iron center acquires the ferric low-spin state (S=1/2). After binding of the substrate camphor to the amino acid residue Tyr96 inside the heme pocket, the iron changes from the ferric low-spin to the ferric high-spin state (S=5/2). The transfer of the first electron origina ...
... catalytically active heme iron center acquires the ferric low-spin state (S=1/2). After binding of the substrate camphor to the amino acid residue Tyr96 inside the heme pocket, the iron changes from the ferric low-spin to the ferric high-spin state (S=5/2). The transfer of the first electron origina ...
Macromolecules: Proteins
... Color code the amino acid on this worksheet (carbon-black, hydrogen-yellow, nitrogen-blue, and oxygen-red). Basic Structure of Amino acid H ...
... Color code the amino acid on this worksheet (carbon-black, hydrogen-yellow, nitrogen-blue, and oxygen-red). Basic Structure of Amino acid H ...
Chapter 1 OBJECTIVES
... controlled reaction. • The higher the substrate concentration, the faster the reaction - up to a limit. • If substrate concentration is high enough, the enzyme becomes saturated with substrate. (The active sites of all enzymes molecules are engaged.) • When an enzyme is saturated, the reaction rate ...
... controlled reaction. • The higher the substrate concentration, the faster the reaction - up to a limit. • If substrate concentration is high enough, the enzyme becomes saturated with substrate. (The active sites of all enzymes molecules are engaged.) • When an enzyme is saturated, the reaction rate ...
Glucose Metabolism
... A. Oxygen rich (aerobic) conditions 1. In the mitochondrial matrix, pyruvate is oxidized forming carbon dioxide and an acetyl group (acetyl –SCoA). 2. Pyruvate must diffuse into the mitochondria from the cytosol. It is then transported by a carrier protein across the inner mitochondrial membrane int ...
... A. Oxygen rich (aerobic) conditions 1. In the mitochondrial matrix, pyruvate is oxidized forming carbon dioxide and an acetyl group (acetyl –SCoA). 2. Pyruvate must diffuse into the mitochondria from the cytosol. It is then transported by a carrier protein across the inner mitochondrial membrane int ...
Arginine is actively transported into Neurospow
... species of cytochrome c. Both iso-cytochromes c* hove o sedimentation coefficient of 1.5, thus ruling out the possibility that one species is a polymer. Peptide maps of the two proteins are nearly identical, but preliminary results with thin layer electrophoresis on silica gel show one or more diffe ...
... species of cytochrome c. Both iso-cytochromes c* hove o sedimentation coefficient of 1.5, thus ruling out the possibility that one species is a polymer. Peptide maps of the two proteins are nearly identical, but preliminary results with thin layer electrophoresis on silica gel show one or more diffe ...
electron transport chain
... produces NADH and FADH2; 2)is a series of reactions that gives off CO2 and produces one ATP; 3)turns twice because two acetyl-CoA molecules enter the cycle per glucose molecule; 4)produces two immediate ATP molecules per glucose molecule. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning ...
... produces NADH and FADH2; 2)is a series of reactions that gives off CO2 and produces one ATP; 3)turns twice because two acetyl-CoA molecules enter the cycle per glucose molecule; 4)produces two immediate ATP molecules per glucose molecule. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning ...
Cellular Respiration
... broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of reactions. How much ATP is released during the Krebs cycle? ...
... broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of reactions. How much ATP is released during the Krebs cycle? ...
Enzymes I - eCurriculum
... number of enzyme units/mg of protein (umoles substrate /min /mg protein) ...
... number of enzyme units/mg of protein (umoles substrate /min /mg protein) ...
substrate
... Chemical Events at Active Sites • Active site directly participates in the reaction – covalent bonding can occur between enzyme and substrate – R groups of the enzyme’s amino acids can temporarily add chemical groups to the substrates ...
... Chemical Events at Active Sites • Active site directly participates in the reaction – covalent bonding can occur between enzyme and substrate – R groups of the enzyme’s amino acids can temporarily add chemical groups to the substrates ...
CELL BIO HANDOUT 2015
... • Vacuoles – storage – increase cell surface area • Centrioles - organize the spindle fibers during cell division Cytoskeleton – cell shape, internal organization, cell movement & locomotion • Consists of microtubules, intermediate fibers, and microfilaments, which together maintain cell shape, anch ...
... • Vacuoles – storage – increase cell surface area • Centrioles - organize the spindle fibers during cell division Cytoskeleton – cell shape, internal organization, cell movement & locomotion • Consists of microtubules, intermediate fibers, and microfilaments, which together maintain cell shape, anch ...
Chapter 9
... 1) The ETC and ATP synthase work together, but not 100% in synchronicity So there isn’t an exact correlation between NADH (or FADH) and ATP production 1 NADH synthesizes 2.5 – 3.3 ATP 1 FADH synthesizes 1.5 – 2 ATP ...
... 1) The ETC and ATP synthase work together, but not 100% in synchronicity So there isn’t an exact correlation between NADH (or FADH) and ATP production 1 NADH synthesizes 2.5 – 3.3 ATP 1 FADH synthesizes 1.5 – 2 ATP ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.