Lesson - ACS Distance Education (UK)
... If a person is running a marathon, breathing may not be supplying ample oxygen to produce ATP through this system, hence the lactic acid system may start to be used, resulting in a build up of lactic acid OR the ATP-PC system may be used resulting in a depletion of phosphocreatine in the muscles. Af ...
... If a person is running a marathon, breathing may not be supplying ample oxygen to produce ATP through this system, hence the lactic acid system may start to be used, resulting in a build up of lactic acid OR the ATP-PC system may be used resulting in a depletion of phosphocreatine in the muscles. Af ...
An overview of biochemistry for bioCHEM480
... multi-‐cellular organisms, must operate as "open" thermodynamic systems by establishing a dynamic equilibrium with the local micro environment. Living organisms create and maintain a complex system using energy (s ...
... multi-‐cellular organisms, must operate as "open" thermodynamic systems by establishing a dynamic equilibrium with the local micro environment. Living organisms create and maintain a complex system using energy (s ...
Enzymes - africangreyparrott.com
... A. This enzyme works best at a temp. of 35 C and a pH of 8. B. This enzyme works best at a temp. of 50 C and a pH of 12. C. Temp. and pH have no influence on the activity of this enzyme. D. This enzyme works best at a temp. above 50 C and a pH above ...
... A. This enzyme works best at a temp. of 35 C and a pH of 8. B. This enzyme works best at a temp. of 50 C and a pH of 12. C. Temp. and pH have no influence on the activity of this enzyme. D. This enzyme works best at a temp. above 50 C and a pH above ...
Citrate Cycle Supplemental Reading Key Concepts
... What role does NADH and FADH2 have in connecting the citrate cycle to ATP synthesis? Why is the citrate cycle considered the hub of metabolism? Biochemical Applications of the Citrate Cycle: Fluoroacetate is found in poisonous plants and it is the active ingredient in "compound 1080" which is used b ...
... What role does NADH and FADH2 have in connecting the citrate cycle to ATP synthesis? Why is the citrate cycle considered the hub of metabolism? Biochemical Applications of the Citrate Cycle: Fluoroacetate is found in poisonous plants and it is the active ingredient in "compound 1080" which is used b ...
Topic: Developmental biology Extra
... other specialised subunits. Biochemical and histological assessments were used to assess the presence of these subunits at protein level. Results The C2 and d2 subunits were identified in olfactory epithelium, which is a known location of both the B1 and a4 subunits. The a4 subunit was found in seve ...
... other specialised subunits. Biochemical and histological assessments were used to assess the presence of these subunits at protein level. Results The C2 and d2 subunits were identified in olfactory epithelium, which is a known location of both the B1 and a4 subunits. The a4 subunit was found in seve ...
Metabolism
... good energy donor, not good energy storage respiration too reactive transfers Pi too easily only short term energy storage carbohydrates & fats are long term energy storage ...
... good energy donor, not good energy storage respiration too reactive transfers Pi too easily only short term energy storage carbohydrates & fats are long term energy storage ...
Coenzymes and cofactors Vitamins and minerals
... Coenzymes are organic carrier molecules. They are non-protein components of an enzyme that are required for the catalytic process to occur smoothly. They bind to the active sites of enzymes when the substrate molecules bind, and although they are not substrate molecules they participate in the catal ...
... Coenzymes are organic carrier molecules. They are non-protein components of an enzyme that are required for the catalytic process to occur smoothly. They bind to the active sites of enzymes when the substrate molecules bind, and although they are not substrate molecules they participate in the catal ...
Chapter 8
... form: OH group of the anomeric C is on OPPOSITE side of ring from CH2OH form: OH group of the anomeric C is on SAME side of ring from CH2OH ...
... form: OH group of the anomeric C is on OPPOSITE side of ring from CH2OH form: OH group of the anomeric C is on SAME side of ring from CH2OH ...
Enzymes - Creighton Chemistry Webserver
... A general rule of thumb - a reaction's rate approximately doubles with a 10°C increase in reaction or assay temperature. However, since enzymes are held together by weak non-covalent bonds, at higher temperatures, the enzyme catalyzed rate slows down rather than increases. ...
... A general rule of thumb - a reaction's rate approximately doubles with a 10°C increase in reaction or assay temperature. However, since enzymes are held together by weak non-covalent bonds, at higher temperatures, the enzyme catalyzed rate slows down rather than increases. ...
Enzymes
... metabolic pathways • The totality of an organism’s chemical reactions is called metabolism. • A cell’s metabolism is an elaborate road map of the chemical reactions in that cell. • Metabolic pathways alter molecules in a series of steps. ...
... metabolic pathways • The totality of an organism’s chemical reactions is called metabolism. • A cell’s metabolism is an elaborate road map of the chemical reactions in that cell. • Metabolic pathways alter molecules in a series of steps. ...
cytology_enzyme_13
... The action of enzyme is greatly affected by temperatures. Enzymatic activity is affected by H+ ions concentration (pH) The rate of reaction is affected by substrate and enzyme concentration Enzyme itself is not used up in the reaction it catalyzes so it can be used over again and again ...
... The action of enzyme is greatly affected by temperatures. Enzymatic activity is affected by H+ ions concentration (pH) The rate of reaction is affected by substrate and enzyme concentration Enzyme itself is not used up in the reaction it catalyzes so it can be used over again and again ...
Slide 1
... mitochondria. An enzyme called carnitine acyltransferase (CAT 1), located on the mitochondrial membrane, is the “door” that allows the fatty acids to enter the mitochondria. This process is the rate-limiting step in fatty acid oxidation. ...
... mitochondria. An enzyme called carnitine acyltransferase (CAT 1), located on the mitochondrial membrane, is the “door” that allows the fatty acids to enter the mitochondria. This process is the rate-limiting step in fatty acid oxidation. ...
27. GE_7.27 Gluconeo.. - College of Pharmacy at Howard University
... glucose 6-phosphate formation into balance with the rate of its utilization and re-establishing the steady state. What mechanism does this sound like? ...
... glucose 6-phosphate formation into balance with the rate of its utilization and re-establishing the steady state. What mechanism does this sound like? ...
PhotosynthesisCalving CycleON
... 5. DPGA is reduced by NADPH to form the triose, PGAL. A phosphate group is removed in this reaction. 6. In the last step, 5 molecules of glyceral aldehyde phosphate (G3P) or PGAL are needed to remake 3 molecules of Ru-BP. 3 ATP are needed to make this happen. 1 G3P is left over. PGAL is a triose. I ...
... 5. DPGA is reduced by NADPH to form the triose, PGAL. A phosphate group is removed in this reaction. 6. In the last step, 5 molecules of glyceral aldehyde phosphate (G3P) or PGAL are needed to remake 3 molecules of Ru-BP. 3 ATP are needed to make this happen. 1 G3P is left over. PGAL is a triose. I ...
The Citric acid cycle
... oxaloacetate could form citrate non-enzymatically by the addition of peroxide under basic conditions. Krebs showed that succinate is formed from fumarate, malate or oxaloacetate. This is interesting since it was shown that the other way worked as well!! Pyruvate can form citrate enzymatically Pyruva ...
... oxaloacetate could form citrate non-enzymatically by the addition of peroxide under basic conditions. Krebs showed that succinate is formed from fumarate, malate or oxaloacetate. This is interesting since it was shown that the other way worked as well!! Pyruvate can form citrate enzymatically Pyruva ...
chapt03_HumanBiology14e_lecture
... plasma membrane invaginating and surrounding the DNA with a double membrane. Nucleus allows specific functions to be assigned, freeing up cellular resources for other work. ...
... plasma membrane invaginating and surrounding the DNA with a double membrane. Nucleus allows specific functions to be assigned, freeing up cellular resources for other work. ...
Carbohydrate Metabolism: Glycolysis
... The initial materials can come directly from the chloroplast, from stored starch in an amyloplast, or from imported sucrose. The activation of fructose and glucose requires ATP. ...
... The initial materials can come directly from the chloroplast, from stored starch in an amyloplast, or from imported sucrose. The activation of fructose and glucose requires ATP. ...
video slide - Green River Community College
... • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP • The chain’s function is to break the large freeenergy drop from f ...
... • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP • The chain’s function is to break the large freeenergy drop from f ...
15 N- 1 H HSQC spectra as
... Does it seem to be aggregated? Spectra of even small proteins (e.g. 6 kD), unlike the spectra of small organic molecules and short peptides, are just too complex to be studied by 1D methods. ...
... Does it seem to be aggregated? Spectra of even small proteins (e.g. 6 kD), unlike the spectra of small organic molecules and short peptides, are just too complex to be studied by 1D methods. ...
Three-Point Binding Model
... • Once activated, tRNAtyr-OH can bind Step 3: • 3’-OH attacks acyl adenylate • -ve charge increases on O of carbonyl Hbonding stabilizes this charge (more in TS than in SM) • H-bonding (of Gln) is “more important” for TS ...
... • Once activated, tRNAtyr-OH can bind Step 3: • 3’-OH attacks acyl adenylate • -ve charge increases on O of carbonyl Hbonding stabilizes this charge (more in TS than in SM) • H-bonding (of Gln) is “more important” for TS ...
146/18 = 8.1 ATP/carbon Atom. For Lauric acid
... molecules of ATP produced from each glucose converted to pyruvate in the glycolysis process. (b) Pyruvate to acetyl CoA: six ATPs are produced in this step, as each pyruvate yields one NADH for a total of two with each one yielding 3 ATPs when the NADH is reoxidized by the electron transport chain. ...
... molecules of ATP produced from each glucose converted to pyruvate in the glycolysis process. (b) Pyruvate to acetyl CoA: six ATPs are produced in this step, as each pyruvate yields one NADH for a total of two with each one yielding 3 ATPs when the NADH is reoxidized by the electron transport chain. ...
Alternative ways of monosaccharides metabolism
... blood and then into these permeable cells. • Once inside these well-oxygenated cells, lactate can be reverted back to pyruvate and metabolized through the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP. • The use of lactate in place of glucose by these cells makes more circulating g ...
... blood and then into these permeable cells. • Once inside these well-oxygenated cells, lactate can be reverted back to pyruvate and metabolized through the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP. • The use of lactate in place of glucose by these cells makes more circulating g ...
Anaerobic Energy Systems
... Exertion levels determine the rate of lactic acid removal An active recovery provides best conditions with exertion levels and heart rate lower than that at the onset of blood lactate accumulation. ...
... Exertion levels determine the rate of lactic acid removal An active recovery provides best conditions with exertion levels and heart rate lower than that at the onset of blood lactate accumulation. ...
ENZYME
... In 1892, Chittenden, Joslin and Meara investigated the matter fully and named it ‘Bromelin’ Later, Bromelian was introduced and orignally applied to any protease from any member of family Bromeliaceae. In 1957 first introduced as therapeutic supplement Pioneer research at Hawaii but recen ...
... In 1892, Chittenden, Joslin and Meara investigated the matter fully and named it ‘Bromelin’ Later, Bromelian was introduced and orignally applied to any protease from any member of family Bromeliaceae. In 1957 first introduced as therapeutic supplement Pioneer research at Hawaii but recen ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.