3.2 and 3.3
... Why would you need ENERGY from ATP in a cell? • build larger molecules • carry substances into the cell • remove wastes from the cell • for mechanical work (like muscular activity). ...
... Why would you need ENERGY from ATP in a cell? • build larger molecules • carry substances into the cell • remove wastes from the cell • for mechanical work (like muscular activity). ...
Lipid Biosynthesis
... Are those which are required for cell survival. Are required for synthesis of cholesterol. Must be acquired by diet because they contain an odd number of carbon atoms. Cannot be synthesized by humans because we lack enzymes necessary to make them. ...
... Are those which are required for cell survival. Are required for synthesis of cholesterol. Must be acquired by diet because they contain an odd number of carbon atoms. Cannot be synthesized by humans because we lack enzymes necessary to make them. ...
Chapter 1
... • Catabolism – The degradation of fuel molecules which provides energy for cellular energy-requiring functions • Cells use an energy conversion strategy that oxidizes glucose – Small amounts of energy are released at several points in this pathway – This energy is harvested and stored in bonds of AT ...
... • Catabolism – The degradation of fuel molecules which provides energy for cellular energy-requiring functions • Cells use an energy conversion strategy that oxidizes glucose – Small amounts of energy are released at several points in this pathway – This energy is harvested and stored in bonds of AT ...
Presentation
... • Rate is determined by the concentration of both substrates • Rate equation: v = k[S1]1[S2]1 ...
... • Rate is determined by the concentration of both substrates • Rate equation: v = k[S1]1[S2]1 ...
Enzymes - stephen fleenor
... • Enzymes catalyze reactions by lowering the activation energy. • If the temperature rises too high, enzymes become denatured and ...
... • Enzymes catalyze reactions by lowering the activation energy. • If the temperature rises too high, enzymes become denatured and ...
Basic Enzymology
... Lock and key fit of enzymes and substrates helps produce enzyme specificity: A substrate molecule must contact an enzyme molecule before it can be transformed into products. Once the substrate has made contact, it must bind to the enzyme at the active site— a place where the conversion of substrate ...
... Lock and key fit of enzymes and substrates helps produce enzyme specificity: A substrate molecule must contact an enzyme molecule before it can be transformed into products. Once the substrate has made contact, it must bind to the enzyme at the active site— a place where the conversion of substrate ...
Time course of differential mitochondrial energy metabolism
... In the heart, mitochondria provide, through oxidative phosphorylation, more than 95% of the energy supply in the form of ATP. In the course of oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred through the respiratory enzymatic complexes of the mitochondrial inner membrane, thus releasing energy u ...
... In the heart, mitochondria provide, through oxidative phosphorylation, more than 95% of the energy supply in the form of ATP. In the course of oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred through the respiratory enzymatic complexes of the mitochondrial inner membrane, thus releasing energy u ...
An overview of biochemistry for bioCHEM480
... molecules). Other types of enzyme activity 'fine' regulation are allosterism and hormone-controlled covalent modification by phosphorylation (requiring ‘kinases’) and dephosphorylation (requiring ‘phosphatases’).These enzymes can be regulated as well in ‘enzyme cascades’. Flux in biochemical pathway ...
... molecules). Other types of enzyme activity 'fine' regulation are allosterism and hormone-controlled covalent modification by phosphorylation (requiring ‘kinases’) and dephosphorylation (requiring ‘phosphatases’).These enzymes can be regulated as well in ‘enzyme cascades’. Flux in biochemical pathway ...
Enzymes
... important functions of proteins > catalysts (substance that enhances the rate of chemical reaction but is not permanently altered by the reaction). ...
... important functions of proteins > catalysts (substance that enhances the rate of chemical reaction but is not permanently altered by the reaction). ...
Chapter 8
... • Less free energy (lower G) • More stable • Less work capacity (a) Gravitational motion. Objects move spontaneously from a higher altitude to a lower one. ...
... • Less free energy (lower G) • More stable • Less work capacity (a) Gravitational motion. Objects move spontaneously from a higher altitude to a lower one. ...
Metabolism: An Overview
... upon the cell type, there can be from less than one hundred to over a thousand different reactions occurring simultaneously within the cell. CATABOLISM or CATABOLIC REACTIONS degrades large biomolecules liberating smaller molecular building blocks. These smaller building blocks can be utilized durin ...
... upon the cell type, there can be from less than one hundred to over a thousand different reactions occurring simultaneously within the cell. CATABOLISM or CATABOLIC REACTIONS degrades large biomolecules liberating smaller molecular building blocks. These smaller building blocks can be utilized durin ...
Mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodevelopmental disorders
... A more oxidized cytosolic redox state in autism could favor anaerobic glycolysis over oxidative phosphorylation as a source of adenosine triphosphate. Although skeletal muscle can tolerate this shift in metabolism, consequences for brain function could be devastating due to its heavy reliance on mit ...
... A more oxidized cytosolic redox state in autism could favor anaerobic glycolysis over oxidative phosphorylation as a source of adenosine triphosphate. Although skeletal muscle can tolerate this shift in metabolism, consequences for brain function could be devastating due to its heavy reliance on mit ...
No Slide Title
... Transient covalent bond formed between E and S Accelerates reaction rate through transient formation of a catalyst-substrate covalent bond Usually covalent bond is formed by the reaction of a nucleophilic group on the catalyst with an electrophilic group on the substrate --> nucleophilic catalysis ...
... Transient covalent bond formed between E and S Accelerates reaction rate through transient formation of a catalyst-substrate covalent bond Usually covalent bond is formed by the reaction of a nucleophilic group on the catalyst with an electrophilic group on the substrate --> nucleophilic catalysis ...
Chapter 9
... – Is an energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy in the form of a H+ gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work ...
... – Is an energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy in the form of a H+ gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work ...
Cellular Respiration - Valhalla High School
... In many cells, pyruvic acid that accumulates as a result of glycolysis can be converted to lactic acid. This type of fermentation is called lactic acid fermentation. It regenerates NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue. The equation for lactic acid fermentation after glycolysis is: ...
... In many cells, pyruvic acid that accumulates as a result of glycolysis can be converted to lactic acid. This type of fermentation is called lactic acid fermentation. It regenerates NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue. The equation for lactic acid fermentation after glycolysis is: ...
File
... My hypothesis should be rejected, as my initial presumption of the rate of respiration in germinating peas was incorrect. From this experiment, we can see from the germinating peas in the 20-degree waterbath that, over time, the rate of oxygen consumed increases. However, I was correct in thinking t ...
... My hypothesis should be rejected, as my initial presumption of the rate of respiration in germinating peas was incorrect. From this experiment, we can see from the germinating peas in the 20-degree waterbath that, over time, the rate of oxygen consumed increases. However, I was correct in thinking t ...
BICH 303 Exam #1 Fall 2005 1. Amphiphilic or amphipathic
... a. stability: a decrease in the surface to volume ratio and shielding of hydrophobic residues from the solvent. b genomic economy: less DNA required to code for a monomer that forms a homodimer. c. catalytic site: the monomer may not constitute a complete enzyme active site. The active site may only ...
... a. stability: a decrease in the surface to volume ratio and shielding of hydrophobic residues from the solvent. b genomic economy: less DNA required to code for a monomer that forms a homodimer. c. catalytic site: the monomer may not constitute a complete enzyme active site. The active site may only ...
B324notesTheme 2
... Gluconeogenesis and glycolysis both proceed largely in the cytosol. Because gluconeogenesis synthesizes glucose and glycolysis catabolizes glucose, it is evident that gluconeogenesis and glycolysis must be controlled in reciprocal fashion. If not for reciprocal control, glycolysis and gluconeogenesi ...
... Gluconeogenesis and glycolysis both proceed largely in the cytosol. Because gluconeogenesis synthesizes glucose and glycolysis catabolizes glucose, it is evident that gluconeogenesis and glycolysis must be controlled in reciprocal fashion. If not for reciprocal control, glycolysis and gluconeogenesi ...
Final Key - UC Davis Plant Sciences
... glucose that can be used as a fuel by the other cells of the body. On the other hand, the skeletal muscles are specialized for energy production (ATP). Thus, if glycolysis is activated in the muscles (ATP production), gluconeogenesis will be activated in the liver to produce glucose for the muscles ...
... glucose that can be used as a fuel by the other cells of the body. On the other hand, the skeletal muscles are specialized for energy production (ATP). Thus, if glycolysis is activated in the muscles (ATP production), gluconeogenesis will be activated in the liver to produce glucose for the muscles ...
AP151 ENZYMES
... rates under conditions that are compatible with life (i.e., that the human body can survive). • Allow chemical rxns to be regulated so specific processes can occur when and where they are needed. ...
... rates under conditions that are compatible with life (i.e., that the human body can survive). • Allow chemical rxns to be regulated so specific processes can occur when and where they are needed. ...
BIOTECHNOLOGY B.Sc. Semester III
... Unit III : Replication and Transcription in Prokaryotes a. Replication- Enzymology of replication DNA polymerase I, brief account of pol II and III, helicases, topoisomerases, single strand binding proteins, primase action b. Proof for semiconservative replication, Okazaki fragments, c. Replication ...
... Unit III : Replication and Transcription in Prokaryotes a. Replication- Enzymology of replication DNA polymerase I, brief account of pol II and III, helicases, topoisomerases, single strand binding proteins, primase action b. Proof for semiconservative replication, Okazaki fragments, c. Replication ...
Carbohydrate metabolism
... What are Functions of NAD, NADP, FAD? Electron carriers Oxidation / reduction reactions NAD and catabolic reactions -- substrate oxidation -- H- used for ATP synthesis NADP and anabolic reactions -- substrate reduction -- e.g., --COOH to C=O to C-OH ...
... What are Functions of NAD, NADP, FAD? Electron carriers Oxidation / reduction reactions NAD and catabolic reactions -- substrate oxidation -- H- used for ATP synthesis NADP and anabolic reactions -- substrate reduction -- e.g., --COOH to C=O to C-OH ...
ppt
... Metabolic pathways included in utilization of Glc – glycolysis, pentose cycle, glycogen synthesis Phosphorylation of glucose ...
... Metabolic pathways included in utilization of Glc – glycolysis, pentose cycle, glycogen synthesis Phosphorylation of glucose ...
Bis2A 07.1 Glycolysis
... is to generate small carbon compounds that the cell can use as building blocks construct other cellular components. ...
... is to generate small carbon compounds that the cell can use as building blocks construct other cellular components. ...
Lesson - ACS Distance Education (UK)
... If a person is running a marathon, breathing may not be supplying ample oxygen to produce ATP through this system, hence the lactic acid system may start to be used, resulting in a build up of lactic acid OR the ATP-PC system may be used resulting in a depletion of phosphocreatine in the muscles. Af ...
... If a person is running a marathon, breathing may not be supplying ample oxygen to produce ATP through this system, hence the lactic acid system may start to be used, resulting in a build up of lactic acid OR the ATP-PC system may be used resulting in a depletion of phosphocreatine in the muscles. Af ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.