In this essay you should have written it as two
... 2 Molecules of ATP are required to start the process Net gain of 2 ATP are produced Diagram can be used to show the above points maximum of 3 Kreb's cycle is an aerobic process / needs oxygen in the cell and occurs in the central liquid matrix of the mitochondrion 3C Pyruvic acid is converted to 2C ...
... 2 Molecules of ATP are required to start the process Net gain of 2 ATP are produced Diagram can be used to show the above points maximum of 3 Kreb's cycle is an aerobic process / needs oxygen in the cell and occurs in the central liquid matrix of the mitochondrion 3C Pyruvic acid is converted to 2C ...
The Chemical Basis of Life Atoms, Molecules, Ions, and Bonds
... • Thus, you will always see four lines connecting a carbon atom to other atoms, each line representing a pair of shared electrons (one electron from carbon and one from another atom). ...
... • Thus, you will always see four lines connecting a carbon atom to other atoms, each line representing a pair of shared electrons (one electron from carbon and one from another atom). ...
AQA Biology: Energy transfers and changes in
... phosphorylate glucose in glycolysis/spindle formation in mitosis/meiosis 2 marks for three uses; 1 mark for two uses ...
... phosphorylate glucose in glycolysis/spindle formation in mitosis/meiosis 2 marks for three uses; 1 mark for two uses ...
檔案下載
... succinate dehydrogenase • An iron-sulfur protein – Three kinds of iron-sulfur cluster •2Fe-2S, 3Fe-4S and 4Fe-4S ...
... succinate dehydrogenase • An iron-sulfur protein – Three kinds of iron-sulfur cluster •2Fe-2S, 3Fe-4S and 4Fe-4S ...
2004-05
... What is the role of FAD and NAD+ during the conversion of succinate to oxaloacetate in Kreb’s cycle ? How is the conversion of fatty acid to acyl - CoA accomplished thermodynamically? ...
... What is the role of FAD and NAD+ during the conversion of succinate to oxaloacetate in Kreb’s cycle ? How is the conversion of fatty acid to acyl - CoA accomplished thermodynamically? ...
3 - Copley-Fairlawn City Schools
... Fe3+ + CN- Fe(CN)63 How did I get the charge? Iron is 3+ , 6 cyanides at 1- ...
... Fe3+ + CN- Fe(CN)63 How did I get the charge? Iron is 3+ , 6 cyanides at 1- ...
the krebs cycle
... 3. In respiration, the sequence of reactions resulting in the conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid is called a. the Krebs cycle b. the citric acid cycle c. glycolysis d. the cytochrome chain. ...
... 3. In respiration, the sequence of reactions resulting in the conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid is called a. the Krebs cycle b. the citric acid cycle c. glycolysis d. the cytochrome chain. ...
Lecture Slides for Fatty Acid Catabolism
... Peroxisomes • b-Oxidation also occurs in peroxisomes (major site in plants) • In critters, peroxisomes are primary organelles for oxidation of very long chain and branched fatty acids (cerotic acid, phytanic acids) ...
... Peroxisomes • b-Oxidation also occurs in peroxisomes (major site in plants) • In critters, peroxisomes are primary organelles for oxidation of very long chain and branched fatty acids (cerotic acid, phytanic acids) ...
Chapter 11
... membrane coupled to ATP synthesis. If the acceptor of electrons at the end of flow is O2, the process is called aerobic respiration (or often, just respiration); if some other molecule accepts the electrons, it is called anaerobic respiration. We return to these definitions throughout the chapter. ...
... membrane coupled to ATP synthesis. If the acceptor of electrons at the end of flow is O2, the process is called aerobic respiration (or often, just respiration); if some other molecule accepts the electrons, it is called anaerobic respiration. We return to these definitions throughout the chapter. ...
Rate Law in Enzyme Catalyzed Reactions
... The height of the transition state is a measure of the probability that the substrates will react when they come in contact with each other By lowering the height of the transition state, enzymes increase the probability that the substrates will react when they come in contact with each other. How d ...
... The height of the transition state is a measure of the probability that the substrates will react when they come in contact with each other By lowering the height of the transition state, enzymes increase the probability that the substrates will react when they come in contact with each other. How d ...
Pyruvate Metabolism
... The large size of the complex allows the complicated reaction to proceed ...
... The large size of the complex allows the complicated reaction to proceed ...
Carbohydrate metabolism2
... 2--Dietary deficiency of thiamin as in alcoholics. These two factors lead to inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. 3- Inherited pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency, which may be due to defects in one or more of the components of the enzyme complex. ...
... 2--Dietary deficiency of thiamin as in alcoholics. These two factors lead to inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. 3- Inherited pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency, which may be due to defects in one or more of the components of the enzyme complex. ...
Lecture 9-lea
... can affect the intracellular glucose concentration. Insulin increases the activity of GLUT4 and this is particularly important for muscle and adipose tissue. ...
... can affect the intracellular glucose concentration. Insulin increases the activity of GLUT4 and this is particularly important for muscle and adipose tissue. ...
Amino Acid Transport Systems in Animal Cells
... treatment of this cell with 2,4-dinitrophenol (0.1 mM) and iodoacetate (1 mM), the concentrative uptake of various amino acids is restored by supplying 1 0 mM pyruvate before either the ATP level or the alkali-ion gradients are restored. Sensitivity of this effect to inhibition b y rotenone suggests ...
... treatment of this cell with 2,4-dinitrophenol (0.1 mM) and iodoacetate (1 mM), the concentrative uptake of various amino acids is restored by supplying 1 0 mM pyruvate before either the ATP level or the alkali-ion gradients are restored. Sensitivity of this effect to inhibition b y rotenone suggests ...
Principles of BIOCHEMISTRY
... 9. Enolase: 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) • Elimination of water (dehydration) yields PEP • PEP has a very high phosphoryl group transfer potential because it exists in its unstable enol form ...
... 9. Enolase: 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) • Elimination of water (dehydration) yields PEP • PEP has a very high phosphoryl group transfer potential because it exists in its unstable enol form ...
Name
... Know positions of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur in the macromolecules 3. The Properties of Water (all come from water’s polarity and its ability to form hydrogen bonds; understand how the structure of the water molecule is related to its function) Excellent solvent – ...
... Know positions of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur in the macromolecules 3. The Properties of Water (all come from water’s polarity and its ability to form hydrogen bonds; understand how the structure of the water molecule is related to its function) Excellent solvent – ...
(enzyme).
... • Enzymes can either break up or put together substrates • Enzymes are specific – only work on certain substances. • Enzymes are catalysts that react on substrates • Enzymes are NOT CHANGED in the reaction Textbook ...
... • Enzymes can either break up or put together substrates • Enzymes are specific – only work on certain substances. • Enzymes are catalysts that react on substrates • Enzymes are NOT CHANGED in the reaction Textbook ...
Biochemistry Lecture 15
... – AMP stim’s PFK-1 (when more ATP needed by cell, much glu avail), BUT inhib’s FBPase-1 (when cell needs more glu, not enough avail to make more ATP) ...
... – AMP stim’s PFK-1 (when more ATP needed by cell, much glu avail), BUT inhib’s FBPase-1 (when cell needs more glu, not enough avail to make more ATP) ...
Are Aggregates of Enzyme Molecules More Effective than Individual
... adsorption or metal electrode (Au/Pt) through covalent coupling. ...
... adsorption or metal electrode (Au/Pt) through covalent coupling. ...
Supplementary Methods
... counting on a Rack-Beta Liquid Scintillation Counter (LKB Wallac; Turku, Finland). Densitometric analysis of the autoradiogram was sufficient for the quantitation of DAG. Measurement of 3H-serine incorporation into sphingolipids - Approximately ~85% confluent cells grown in 6-well Primaria dishes w ...
... counting on a Rack-Beta Liquid Scintillation Counter (LKB Wallac; Turku, Finland). Densitometric analysis of the autoradiogram was sufficient for the quantitation of DAG. Measurement of 3H-serine incorporation into sphingolipids - Approximately ~85% confluent cells grown in 6-well Primaria dishes w ...
GI Digest - Douglas Labs
... by pepsin and hydrochloric acid, which denature and break large proteins down to smaller polypeptides. In the small intestine, proteases break down these polypeptides into free amino acids, and di- and tripeptides, which are directly absorbed by the intestinal mucosa. Some individuals require enzyme ...
... by pepsin and hydrochloric acid, which denature and break large proteins down to smaller polypeptides. In the small intestine, proteases break down these polypeptides into free amino acids, and di- and tripeptides, which are directly absorbed by the intestinal mucosa. Some individuals require enzyme ...
CHAPTER 6
... order that they can be regulated independently. Shown here are two possible arrangements of opposing catabolic and anabolic sequenced between A and P. (a) The parallel sequences proceed via independent routes. (b) Only one reaction has two different enzymes, a catabolic one (E3) and it’s anabolic co ...
... order that they can be regulated independently. Shown here are two possible arrangements of opposing catabolic and anabolic sequenced between A and P. (a) The parallel sequences proceed via independent routes. (b) Only one reaction has two different enzymes, a catabolic one (E3) and it’s anabolic co ...
BIS103-002 (Spring 2008) - UC Davis Plant Sciences
... Glucose-6-P phosphatase in the liver produces glucose from G6P, an intermediate of glycogen degradation. However, this enzyme (G6P phosphatase) is not present in skeletal muscles. Therefore, in skeletal muscles G6P will enter glycolysis to be converted into 2x pyruvate. What is the advantage of thes ...
... Glucose-6-P phosphatase in the liver produces glucose from G6P, an intermediate of glycogen degradation. However, this enzyme (G6P phosphatase) is not present in skeletal muscles. Therefore, in skeletal muscles G6P will enter glycolysis to be converted into 2x pyruvate. What is the advantage of thes ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.