Test # 1
... The body has a large capacity for storage of triglycerides. Triglycerides, as compared to glycogen, are more highly reduced and thus provide more calories per gram when oxidized. They have lower density than does water and are stored largely in anhydrous form. Triglycerides can supply energy under b ...
... The body has a large capacity for storage of triglycerides. Triglycerides, as compared to glycogen, are more highly reduced and thus provide more calories per gram when oxidized. They have lower density than does water and are stored largely in anhydrous form. Triglycerides can supply energy under b ...
Integrity and purity of the mitochondrial fraction
... Fig. S1B), and the cytosolic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase. The activity of the latter enzyme accounted for < 20% of that found in cytosol (mitochondria 160±20* M/min. mg protein; cytosol 950±270 M/min. mg protein, *p<0.05, Student’s t test, n=3). We obtained DNA from whole cells and from the mitoc ...
... Fig. S1B), and the cytosolic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase. The activity of the latter enzyme accounted for < 20% of that found in cytosol (mitochondria 160±20* M/min. mg protein; cytosol 950±270 M/min. mg protein, *p<0.05, Student’s t test, n=3). We obtained DNA from whole cells and from the mitoc ...
fatty acids
... The electron-transport chain uses NADH and FADH2 to produce 34 ATP. This process requires O2, which combines with H+ to form H2O. ...
... The electron-transport chain uses NADH and FADH2 to produce 34 ATP. This process requires O2, which combines with H+ to form H2O. ...
Enzymes - Hartismere
... Enzymes are large molecules that speed up the chemical reactions inside cells. Each type of enzyme does one specific job. Biological catalysts Due to enzymes being a biological catalyst, they speed up the rate of reaction without being used up. The reaction Due to its interaction with the substrate, ...
... Enzymes are large molecules that speed up the chemical reactions inside cells. Each type of enzyme does one specific job. Biological catalysts Due to enzymes being a biological catalyst, they speed up the rate of reaction without being used up. The reaction Due to its interaction with the substrate, ...
CHEM 30 REDOX
... Oxidation is a process in which e- are lost A reducing agent donates e- and is oxidized. A oxidizing agent gains e- and is reduced. ...
... Oxidation is a process in which e- are lost A reducing agent donates e- and is oxidized. A oxidizing agent gains e- and is reduced. ...
lecture9
... Our approach is to discover the enzymes for the synthesis and utilization of poly P in bacteria, yeast and animal cells. These enzymes will reveal novel mechanisms and insights and when purified will open the route of reverse genetics: the peptide sequence leads to the gene and thereby the means to ...
... Our approach is to discover the enzymes for the synthesis and utilization of poly P in bacteria, yeast and animal cells. These enzymes will reveal novel mechanisms and insights and when purified will open the route of reverse genetics: the peptide sequence leads to the gene and thereby the means to ...
Chapter 2 - Saladin
... Radicals • Anion—atom that gains electrons (net negative charge) • Cation—atom that loses an electron (net positive charge) • Ions with opposite charges are attracted to each other Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ...
... Radicals • Anion—atom that gains electrons (net negative charge) • Cation—atom that loses an electron (net positive charge) • Ions with opposite charges are attracted to each other Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ...
Document
... B2.5.2 Enzymes Relate the shape of an enzyme to its function Describe how high temperatures affect enzymes Describe how enzymes work at different pH values Describe examples of enzymes that work outside of body cells, such as digestive enzymes, including details of where they are produced, where the ...
... B2.5.2 Enzymes Relate the shape of an enzyme to its function Describe how high temperatures affect enzymes Describe how enzymes work at different pH values Describe examples of enzymes that work outside of body cells, such as digestive enzymes, including details of where they are produced, where the ...
Energy Pathways _Metabolism_in Cells Teacher notes
... f. some life forms use ATP & release light; example: fireflies (bioluminescence) 5. Metabolic pathways --metabolism: all an organisms chemical reactions. Specific enzymes catalyze each step a. catabolic-degrade complex compounds; “breakdown pathways” (exergonic-means ‘energy out’) release energy by ...
... f. some life forms use ATP & release light; example: fireflies (bioluminescence) 5. Metabolic pathways --metabolism: all an organisms chemical reactions. Specific enzymes catalyze each step a. catabolic-degrade complex compounds; “breakdown pathways” (exergonic-means ‘energy out’) release energy by ...
PP - Columbia University
... … CO2 That is, burned. How much energy released then? Glucose + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O ΔGo = -686 kcal/mole ! Compared to -45 to lactate (both w/o ATP production considered) Complete oxidation of glucose, Much more ATP But nature’s solution is a bit complicated. The fate of pyruvate is now different ...
... … CO2 That is, burned. How much energy released then? Glucose + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O ΔGo = -686 kcal/mole ! Compared to -45 to lactate (both w/o ATP production considered) Complete oxidation of glucose, Much more ATP But nature’s solution is a bit complicated. The fate of pyruvate is now different ...
Enzymes Activation and Deactivation
... This brings the electron transport chain to a halt No energy can be derived out of respiration Hydrogen cyanide inhibits metal-containing enzymes in the body, such as cytochrome c-oxidase, which contains iron ...
... This brings the electron transport chain to a halt No energy can be derived out of respiration Hydrogen cyanide inhibits metal-containing enzymes in the body, such as cytochrome c-oxidase, which contains iron ...
Bis2A 07.2 Fermentation
... In glycolysis, NAD+ is converted to NADH; what happens to the NADH produced? During glycolysis NAD+ is reduced to NADH and glucose is oxidized to pyruvate. During this process the cells must regenerate NAD+ by a second redox reaction. In respiration, this occurs when NADH is used ...
... In glycolysis, NAD+ is converted to NADH; what happens to the NADH produced? During glycolysis NAD+ is reduced to NADH and glucose is oxidized to pyruvate. During this process the cells must regenerate NAD+ by a second redox reaction. In respiration, this occurs when NADH is used ...
Chapter 14- RESPIRATION IN PLANTS Living cells require a
... (5C compound- α-ketoglutaric acid, 4C compounds- succinic acid and Malic acid) 14.2.3 Electron transport system (ETS)/ oxidative phosphorylation It is third step of aerobic respiration, taking place in the inner mitochondrial membrane (Cristae). In this step of respiratory process, NADH and FADH2 fo ...
... (5C compound- α-ketoglutaric acid, 4C compounds- succinic acid and Malic acid) 14.2.3 Electron transport system (ETS)/ oxidative phosphorylation It is third step of aerobic respiration, taking place in the inner mitochondrial membrane (Cristae). In this step of respiratory process, NADH and FADH2 fo ...
Synthesis and elongation of fatty acids
... • Essential in all organisms except archaea • Constituents of membranes • Posttranslational protein modification (myristoylation, palmitoylation) • Storage of chemical energy (TAG, sterolesters) ...
... • Essential in all organisms except archaea • Constituents of membranes • Posttranslational protein modification (myristoylation, palmitoylation) • Storage of chemical energy (TAG, sterolesters) ...
Outline for Lecture #5
... 5. Example -- GLUT family of proteins. Transport of glucose across a membrane (down its gradient) requires a GLUT (glucose transporter/carrier) protein. For mech. of action, see Becker fig. 8-7 (8-8). a. Role of GLUTs: Glucose enters and/or exits most cell using a GLUT protein. b. Different cell ty ...
... 5. Example -- GLUT family of proteins. Transport of glucose across a membrane (down its gradient) requires a GLUT (glucose transporter/carrier) protein. For mech. of action, see Becker fig. 8-7 (8-8). a. Role of GLUTs: Glucose enters and/or exits most cell using a GLUT protein. b. Different cell ty ...
STARVE-FEED CYCLE 1) WELL-FED STATE (food intake
... • ↑ fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (↑ if insulin is ↑): inhibits fru-1,6-bisphosphatase (= gluconeogenesis), activates 6-PFK-1 (= glycolysis) • ↑ citrate: inhibits 6-PFK-1 (= glycolysis), activates acetyl-CoA carboxylase (= fatty acid synthesis) • ↑ acetyl-CoA: inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase, activates ...
... • ↑ fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (↑ if insulin is ↑): inhibits fru-1,6-bisphosphatase (= gluconeogenesis), activates 6-PFK-1 (= glycolysis) • ↑ citrate: inhibits 6-PFK-1 (= glycolysis), activates acetyl-CoA carboxylase (= fatty acid synthesis) • ↑ acetyl-CoA: inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase, activates ...
Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis - University of San Diego Home
... Glycolytic endpoints -‐ depending on which cell and conditions, glucose metabolism results in the production of ethanol, lactate and CO2, H2O via pyruvate • This is the predominate fate of glucose in mamm ...
... Glycolytic endpoints -‐ depending on which cell and conditions, glucose metabolism results in the production of ethanol, lactate and CO2, H2O via pyruvate • This is the predominate fate of glucose in mamm ...
Working With Enzymes - Southern Biological
... However, this can be misleading because enzymes are proteins that can vary in structure and the way they fulfill their catalytic purpose. For example, amylase is often described as an enzyme that breaks down starch into sugars. However, there are at least three different types of amylase in the huma ...
... However, this can be misleading because enzymes are proteins that can vary in structure and the way they fulfill their catalytic purpose. For example, amylase is often described as an enzyme that breaks down starch into sugars. However, there are at least three different types of amylase in the huma ...
Citric Acid Cycle
... final common pathway for oxidation of fuel molecules provides intermediates for biosynthesis ...
... final common pathway for oxidation of fuel molecules provides intermediates for biosynthesis ...
2.1 Chemistry’s Building Block: The Atom
... The Electron Transport Chain • The movement of electrons through the ETC releases enough energy to power the movement of hydrogen ions ( H+ ions) through the three ETC protein complexes. • They move from the mitochondrion’s inner compartment to its outer compartment. ...
... The Electron Transport Chain • The movement of electrons through the ETC releases enough energy to power the movement of hydrogen ions ( H+ ions) through the three ETC protein complexes. • They move from the mitochondrion’s inner compartment to its outer compartment. ...
MB207_12 - MB207Jan2010
... • The SRP binds to both the exposed ER signal sequence and the ribosome, thereby inducing a pause in translation. • The SRP receptor in the ER membrane, which it is composed of two different polypeptide chains, binds the SRP-ribosome complex and directs it to the translocator. • The SRP and SRP rece ...
... • The SRP binds to both the exposed ER signal sequence and the ribosome, thereby inducing a pause in translation. • The SRP receptor in the ER membrane, which it is composed of two different polypeptide chains, binds the SRP-ribosome complex and directs it to the translocator. • The SRP and SRP rece ...
Document
... • changes in 1°structure that accompany the change from chymotrypsinogen to -chymotrypsin result in changes in ____________________________________ as well. -chymotrypsin is enzymatically ___________ because of its 2°- and 3°structure, just as chymotrypsinogen was ________ because of its 2°- and ...
... • changes in 1°structure that accompany the change from chymotrypsinogen to -chymotrypsin result in changes in ____________________________________ as well. -chymotrypsin is enzymatically ___________ because of its 2°- and 3°structure, just as chymotrypsinogen was ________ because of its 2°- and ...
Respiration and Metabolism
... Lipolysis ~ breakdown of fats (triglycerides) from adipose tissues. Ketone bodies can be used for energy. Picture from Dr. Wright’s Bio6 slide http://scrapetv.com/News/News%20Pages/Everyone%20Else/pages-3/Americansurged-to-stop-sending-junk-food-to-starving-people-Scrape-TV-The-World-on-your-side.ht ...
... Lipolysis ~ breakdown of fats (triglycerides) from adipose tissues. Ketone bodies can be used for energy. Picture from Dr. Wright’s Bio6 slide http://scrapetv.com/News/News%20Pages/Everyone%20Else/pages-3/Americansurged-to-stop-sending-junk-food-to-starving-people-Scrape-TV-The-World-on-your-side.ht ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.