Enzymes and Metabolism - hrsbstaff.ednet.ns.ca
... Are transported by coenzymes NADH and FADH2 Enter a chain of proteinsAt the end of chain combine with molecular oxygen to form water Release energy The energy released is harnessed to make a H+ gradient which allows attachment of inorganic phosphate groups (Pi) to ADP, making ATP by oxidativ ...
... Are transported by coenzymes NADH and FADH2 Enter a chain of proteinsAt the end of chain combine with molecular oxygen to form water Release energy The energy released is harnessed to make a H+ gradient which allows attachment of inorganic phosphate groups (Pi) to ADP, making ATP by oxidativ ...
Document
... B. Unesterified Fatty acids move within cells bound to small cytosolic proteins • commonly bound by fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs) which facilitate intracellular movement of many lipids • Contain a hydrophobic pocket lined by beta sheets where a longchain fatty acid can fit into this pocket an ...
... B. Unesterified Fatty acids move within cells bound to small cytosolic proteins • commonly bound by fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs) which facilitate intracellular movement of many lipids • Contain a hydrophobic pocket lined by beta sheets where a longchain fatty acid can fit into this pocket an ...
Derived copy of Bis2A 07.2 Fermentation
... In glycolysis, NAD+ is converted to NADH; what happens to the NADH produced? During glycolysis NAD+ is reduced to NADH and glucose is oxidized to pyruvate. During this process the cells must regenerate NAD+ by a second redox reaction. In respiration, this occurs when NADH is used ...
... In glycolysis, NAD+ is converted to NADH; what happens to the NADH produced? During glycolysis NAD+ is reduced to NADH and glucose is oxidized to pyruvate. During this process the cells must regenerate NAD+ by a second redox reaction. In respiration, this occurs when NADH is used ...
The effects of calcium ions on the activites of hexokinase
... dogfish red muscle 0- 1 and 24, and in dogfish white muscle 0-6 and 62 for the oxidase and phosphofructokinase respectively. It is concluded that for insect flight muscle the a-glycerophosphate cycle is of sufficient activity to account for reoxidation of all the glycolytic NADH, whereas in vertebra ...
... dogfish red muscle 0- 1 and 24, and in dogfish white muscle 0-6 and 62 for the oxidase and phosphofructokinase respectively. It is concluded that for insect flight muscle the a-glycerophosphate cycle is of sufficient activity to account for reoxidation of all the glycolytic NADH, whereas in vertebra ...
Introduction to Metabolism
... If the ΔG'° of the reaction A → B is –40 kJ/mol, under standard conditions the reaction: A) is at equilibrium. B) will never reach equilibrium. C) will not occur spontaneously. D) will proceed at a rapid rate. E) will proceed spontaneously from left to right. For the reaction A → B, ΔG'° = –60 kJ/mo ...
... If the ΔG'° of the reaction A → B is –40 kJ/mol, under standard conditions the reaction: A) is at equilibrium. B) will never reach equilibrium. C) will not occur spontaneously. D) will proceed at a rapid rate. E) will proceed spontaneously from left to right. For the reaction A → B, ΔG'° = –60 kJ/mo ...
Glycolysis
... D-Glucose is a major fuel for most organisms. D-Glucose metabolism occupies the center position for all metabolic pathways. Glucose contains a great deal of potential energy. The complete oxidation of glucose yields −2,840 kJ/mol of energy. ...
... D-Glucose is a major fuel for most organisms. D-Glucose metabolism occupies the center position for all metabolic pathways. Glucose contains a great deal of potential energy. The complete oxidation of glucose yields −2,840 kJ/mol of energy. ...
3. Machinery of a factory: The cell
... choline molecules interact with each other so that hydrophobic part – the fatty acids – interact with each other. The choline part is hydrophilic (water loving) and this part associates with water. Right panel: The phospholipids molecules form two layers, with water being on either side. Biological ...
... choline molecules interact with each other so that hydrophobic part – the fatty acids – interact with each other. The choline part is hydrophilic (water loving) and this part associates with water. Right panel: The phospholipids molecules form two layers, with water being on either side. Biological ...
active site
... •The rate of reaction is measured either by the amount of reactant used up or the amount of product formed •Under ideal conditions (which are variable) there is a maximum rate of reaction, called V max ...
... •The rate of reaction is measured either by the amount of reactant used up or the amount of product formed •Under ideal conditions (which are variable) there is a maximum rate of reaction, called V max ...
Regulation of fatty acid oxidation in cells
... Hepatic ketogenesis increases during fasting. Some ketone bodies are also made from acetyl-CoA derived from the catabolism of some amino acids and pyruvate oxidation, representing perhaps 10-18% of the amount made from fatty acids [14]. T h e oxidation of one molecule of palmitate to eight acetyl-Co ...
... Hepatic ketogenesis increases during fasting. Some ketone bodies are also made from acetyl-CoA derived from the catabolism of some amino acids and pyruvate oxidation, representing perhaps 10-18% of the amount made from fatty acids [14]. T h e oxidation of one molecule of palmitate to eight acetyl-Co ...
Organic Review Worksheet and Problem Set
... The solid copper atoms (Cu0) lost negatively charged electrons, thus becoming positively charged Cu2+ ions. Since the copper atoms lost electrons, the copper is oxidized. At the same time, the positively charged silver ions each gained a negatively charged electron and became insoluble, solid silver ...
... The solid copper atoms (Cu0) lost negatively charged electrons, thus becoming positively charged Cu2+ ions. Since the copper atoms lost electrons, the copper is oxidized. At the same time, the positively charged silver ions each gained a negatively charged electron and became insoluble, solid silver ...
BioN08 Metabolism of lipids Summer 2015
... catabolism of carbohydrates and proteins are diverted into formation of fatty acids that can then be stored. • Location: cytosol • Production of acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA, which are linked to acyl-carrier protein (ACP) in the enzyme • Note: need of ATP ...
... catabolism of carbohydrates and proteins are diverted into formation of fatty acids that can then be stored. • Location: cytosol • Production of acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA, which are linked to acyl-carrier protein (ACP) in the enzyme • Note: need of ATP ...
Jennifer Atkinson October 14, 2013 HUN 3230 Section 81944
... begins with the two-carbon Acetyl CoA and the four-carbon oxaloacetic acid to make a sixcarbon citric acid molecule. The citric acid then goes through a series of reactions where NAD+ is hydrogenated to make NADH, ADP is used to make ATP, and two carbon dioxide molecules are released. Since the two ...
... begins with the two-carbon Acetyl CoA and the four-carbon oxaloacetic acid to make a sixcarbon citric acid molecule. The citric acid then goes through a series of reactions where NAD+ is hydrogenated to make NADH, ADP is used to make ATP, and two carbon dioxide molecules are released. Since the two ...
Crystal Structure and Functional Analysis of Glyceraldehyde
... Cytoplasmic Oryza sativa GAPDH (OsGAPDH)is an enzyme belong to GAPDH family (E.C. 1.2.1.12) and essential in glycolysis pathway. This enzyme catalyzes phosphorylation of glyceraldhyde-3-phosphate (G3P) to 1,3-biphosphoglycerate (BPG) only using the cofator NAD+ to accept electrons from substrates. A ...
... Cytoplasmic Oryza sativa GAPDH (OsGAPDH)is an enzyme belong to GAPDH family (E.C. 1.2.1.12) and essential in glycolysis pathway. This enzyme catalyzes phosphorylation of glyceraldhyde-3-phosphate (G3P) to 1,3-biphosphoglycerate (BPG) only using the cofator NAD+ to accept electrons from substrates. A ...
Endergonic vs. exergonic reactions
... increase rate of reaction without being __________________ reduce activation energy don’t change free energy (____) released or required required for most biological reactions highly___________________ _________________ of different enzymes in cells control reactions of __________ o Enzymes vo ...
... increase rate of reaction without being __________________ reduce activation energy don’t change free energy (____) released or required required for most biological reactions highly___________________ _________________ of different enzymes in cells control reactions of __________ o Enzymes vo ...
Today`s Plan: 1/5/09
... Allosteric regulation=similar to noncompetitive inhibition but not permanent and either causes activation by stabilizing the protein shape, or can cause inhibition by destabilizing the protein shape (usually at the junction of the polypeptide chains of the enzyme) Cooperativity=remember that since m ...
... Allosteric regulation=similar to noncompetitive inhibition but not permanent and either causes activation by stabilizing the protein shape, or can cause inhibition by destabilizing the protein shape (usually at the junction of the polypeptide chains of the enzyme) Cooperativity=remember that since m ...
1MBO Lopez kin
... catalyzes the insertion of ferrous iron into protoporphyrin IX to form protoheme IX (heme). Due to the many critical roles of heme, synthesis of heme is required by the vast majority of organisms. Despite significant investigation of both the microbial and eucaryotic enzyme, details of metal chelati ...
... catalyzes the insertion of ferrous iron into protoporphyrin IX to form protoheme IX (heme). Due to the many critical roles of heme, synthesis of heme is required by the vast majority of organisms. Despite significant investigation of both the microbial and eucaryotic enzyme, details of metal chelati ...
Final Exam 2012 - Med Study Group
... • the electron transport chain • glycolysis • synthesis of acetyl CoA from pyruvate • reduction of pyruvate to lactate 42. In mitochondria, exergonic redox reactions • are the source of energy driving prokaryotic ATP synthesis. • are directly coupled to substrate-level phosphorylation. • provide the ...
... • the electron transport chain • glycolysis • synthesis of acetyl CoA from pyruvate • reduction of pyruvate to lactate 42. In mitochondria, exergonic redox reactions • are the source of energy driving prokaryotic ATP synthesis. • are directly coupled to substrate-level phosphorylation. • provide the ...
Chapter 9: Pathways that Harvest Chemical
... (burning) is very similar to the chemical processes that release energy in cells. If glucose is burned in a flame, it reacts with oxygen gas (O2), forming carbon dioxide and water and releasing energy in the form of heat. The balanced equation for the complete combustion reaction is ...
... (burning) is very similar to the chemical processes that release energy in cells. If glucose is burned in a flame, it reacts with oxygen gas (O2), forming carbon dioxide and water and releasing energy in the form of heat. The balanced equation for the complete combustion reaction is ...
Test # 1
... The body has a large capacity for storage of triglycerides. Triglycerides, as compared to glycogen, are more highly reduced and thus provide more calories per gram when oxidized. They have lower density than does water and are stored largely in anhydrous form. Triglycerides can supply energy under b ...
... The body has a large capacity for storage of triglycerides. Triglycerides, as compared to glycogen, are more highly reduced and thus provide more calories per gram when oxidized. They have lower density than does water and are stored largely in anhydrous form. Triglycerides can supply energy under b ...
Lec 1-10 Problem Set Answers
... 6) You feed a cultured mammalian cell line glucose labeled at the 5 carbon. A couple minutes later, you solubilize the culture, and use a mass spectrometer to see where the label is. You find that the label is in both DHAP and G3P. Why? ...
... 6) You feed a cultured mammalian cell line glucose labeled at the 5 carbon. A couple minutes later, you solubilize the culture, and use a mass spectrometer to see where the label is. You find that the label is in both DHAP and G3P. Why? ...
TCA
... the bridging reaction) Oxidation of acetyl-CoA via the citric acid cycle Electon transport and oxidative phosphorylation to produce lots of ATP Fig 16-1 ...
... the bridging reaction) Oxidation of acetyl-CoA via the citric acid cycle Electon transport and oxidative phosphorylation to produce lots of ATP Fig 16-1 ...
03-1 - Pierce College
... 48. In the Na+-K+ pump, what powers the shape change of the transporter? a. Na+ binding b. Phosphorylation c. K+ binding d. Na+ release 49. Regarding the Na+-K+ pump mechanism, which is not true? a. Three Na+ bind inside cell and are moved out of cell. b. Two K+ bind outside of cell and are move int ...
... 48. In the Na+-K+ pump, what powers the shape change of the transporter? a. Na+ binding b. Phosphorylation c. K+ binding d. Na+ release 49. Regarding the Na+-K+ pump mechanism, which is not true? a. Three Na+ bind inside cell and are moved out of cell. b. Two K+ bind outside of cell and are move int ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.