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Enzymes - part 1
... BUT they are less suitable for oxid-reduc and group-transfer reactions SO they use COFACTORS (inorganic ions) COFACTORS may be metal ions (Cu2+, Fe3+, Zn2+) trace amounts of metal needed in our diets ...
... BUT they are less suitable for oxid-reduc and group-transfer reactions SO they use COFACTORS (inorganic ions) COFACTORS may be metal ions (Cu2+, Fe3+, Zn2+) trace amounts of metal needed in our diets ...
REGULATORY ENZYMES
... mitochondria, etc.) is another form of regulation. Enzymes associated with a given pathway frequently form organized, multi-component macromolecular complexes that perform a particular cellular process. Similarly, it follows that the substrates associated with a given pathway can also be localized t ...
... mitochondria, etc.) is another form of regulation. Enzymes associated with a given pathway frequently form organized, multi-component macromolecular complexes that perform a particular cellular process. Similarly, it follows that the substrates associated with a given pathway can also be localized t ...
Lesson element
... individual tissue types. Those which use large amounts of ATP are tissues such as the heart or the muscles whereas tissue such as the liver uses large amounts of GTP. This is possible because the enzyme can take one of two isomeric forms. F: Fumarate Succinate is converted into fumarate by transferr ...
... individual tissue types. Those which use large amounts of ATP are tissues such as the heart or the muscles whereas tissue such as the liver uses large amounts of GTP. This is possible because the enzyme can take one of two isomeric forms. F: Fumarate Succinate is converted into fumarate by transferr ...
Paper (marking scheme)
... thigmotropism: a growth or response to touch / chemotropism: a growth or response to substances or chemicals (e) antigen: substance on cell membrane or surface of virus or bacteria or causes antibody production or foreign substance antibody: produced in response to antigen or destroys antigen or def ...
... thigmotropism: a growth or response to touch / chemotropism: a growth or response to substances or chemicals (e) antigen: substance on cell membrane or surface of virus or bacteria or causes antibody production or foreign substance antibody: produced in response to antigen or destroys antigen or def ...
Cell Energetics
... 7. Where is the energy is ATP stored? 8. What must happen for the energy is ATP to be released? 9. What can the cell do with this energy released by ATP? So, in a nutshell, plants contribute glucose to the cell, which the cell uses for energy. Because glucose is so big, the cell breaks it down into ...
... 7. Where is the energy is ATP stored? 8. What must happen for the energy is ATP to be released? 9. What can the cell do with this energy released by ATP? So, in a nutshell, plants contribute glucose to the cell, which the cell uses for energy. Because glucose is so big, the cell breaks it down into ...
Document
... should be amino acids with hydrophobic side chains, 7. tryptophan__________ and the even numbered amino acids, sticking out on the 8. arginine_____________ inside, which is an aqueous environment, are most 9. valine _______________ likely to be hydrophilic side chains, i.e., charged or 10.glutamine_ ...
... should be amino acids with hydrophobic side chains, 7. tryptophan__________ and the even numbered amino acids, sticking out on the 8. arginine_____________ inside, which is an aqueous environment, are most 9. valine _______________ likely to be hydrophilic side chains, i.e., charged or 10.glutamine_ ...
3. Biotechnological Importance of MO - Copy
... eg. Glucose can inhibit several antibiotics ammonia as inhibitor for antibiotic prod. 4. Phosphate regulation: Pi for growth and multiplication in pro and eukaryotes. Increase in pi conc can increase secondary metabolites but ...
... eg. Glucose can inhibit several antibiotics ammonia as inhibitor for antibiotic prod. 4. Phosphate regulation: Pi for growth and multiplication in pro and eukaryotes. Increase in pi conc can increase secondary metabolites but ...
Protein Structure
... Lower His bonds covalently to iron(II) Oxygen coordinates to sixth site on iron and the upper His acts as a “gate” for the oxygen. ...
... Lower His bonds covalently to iron(II) Oxygen coordinates to sixth site on iron and the upper His acts as a “gate” for the oxygen. ...
Chapter 29 Biosynthetic Pathways 308 29.1 Your text states in
... have enzymes that introduce a double bond beyond the 10th carbon. Therefore humans cannot make linoleic (double bonds at carbons 9-10 and 12-13) or linolenic acid (double bonds at carbons 9-10, 12-13, and 15-16). Those fatty acids are essential in the diet. 29.26 The building blocks to synthesize th ...
... have enzymes that introduce a double bond beyond the 10th carbon. Therefore humans cannot make linoleic (double bonds at carbons 9-10 and 12-13) or linolenic acid (double bonds at carbons 9-10, 12-13, and 15-16). Those fatty acids are essential in the diet. 29.26 The building blocks to synthesize th ...
Topic 3
... The Shaker (Sh) gene, when mutated, causes a variety of atypical behaviors in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Under ether anesthesia, the fly’s legs will shake (hence the name); even when the fly is unanaesthetized, it will exhibit aberrant movements. Sh-mutant flies have a shorter lifespan ...
... The Shaker (Sh) gene, when mutated, causes a variety of atypical behaviors in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Under ether anesthesia, the fly’s legs will shake (hence the name); even when the fly is unanaesthetized, it will exhibit aberrant movements. Sh-mutant flies have a shorter lifespan ...
Bio-Energetics - mynoteslibrary
... can not absorb and transfer to chlorophyll-a. On the other side excessive light can damage chlorophyll. Instead of transmitting energy to chlorophyll, some carotenoids can accept energy from chlorophyll, thus providing a function known as photoreception. In photosynthetic organisms, chlorophyll is a ...
... can not absorb and transfer to chlorophyll-a. On the other side excessive light can damage chlorophyll. Instead of transmitting energy to chlorophyll, some carotenoids can accept energy from chlorophyll, thus providing a function known as photoreception. In photosynthetic organisms, chlorophyll is a ...
Introduction to Chemical Bonding
... The bond of Sodium and Fluorine is an example of Ionic bonding: electrons have been transferred in order for the atoms to have a full outer level. When an atom loses or gains electrons, it becomes what is called an ion. An ion is no longer neutrally charged because it has different numbers of proton ...
... The bond of Sodium and Fluorine is an example of Ionic bonding: electrons have been transferred in order for the atoms to have a full outer level. When an atom loses or gains electrons, it becomes what is called an ion. An ion is no longer neutrally charged because it has different numbers of proton ...
Balancing RedOx reactions handout
... 1. Determine the oxidation numbers for all atoms in the reaction. 2. Determine which atom is being oxidized and which is being reduced. 3. Write a half reaction for the reduction process (addition of electrons…electrons added to the left side). 4. Write a half reaction for the oxidation process (los ...
... 1. Determine the oxidation numbers for all atoms in the reaction. 2. Determine which atom is being oxidized and which is being reduced. 3. Write a half reaction for the reduction process (addition of electrons…electrons added to the left side). 4. Write a half reaction for the oxidation process (los ...
Energy Systems
... re-synthesise three molecules of ATP but the process of glycolysis itself requires energy (one molecule) The lactic acid system provides energy for high-intensity activities lasting up to 3 minutes but peaking at 1 minute, for example the 400m ...
... re-synthesise three molecules of ATP but the process of glycolysis itself requires energy (one molecule) The lactic acid system provides energy for high-intensity activities lasting up to 3 minutes but peaking at 1 minute, for example the 400m ...
Exam II ReviewQuestions
... 4. Hemoglobin functions to transport oxygen to the tissues where it is used to oxidize food molecules. The oxidation reactions release chemical energy to meet the energy needs of these tissues. The byproducts of these reactions include small molecular weight acids and CO2. Describe how hemoglobin ha ...
... 4. Hemoglobin functions to transport oxygen to the tissues where it is used to oxidize food molecules. The oxidation reactions release chemical energy to meet the energy needs of these tissues. The byproducts of these reactions include small molecular weight acids and CO2. Describe how hemoglobin ha ...
Lecture_6_TCA_Cycle
... form of NADH and FADH2. The two carbon acetyl unit from acetyl CoA condenses with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which is subsequently oxidized. The high-energy electrons are used to reduce O2 to H2O. This reduction generates a proton gradient that is used to synthesize ATP. ...
... form of NADH and FADH2. The two carbon acetyl unit from acetyl CoA condenses with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which is subsequently oxidized. The high-energy electrons are used to reduce O2 to H2O. This reduction generates a proton gradient that is used to synthesize ATP. ...
Enzymes: “Helper” Protein molecules
... Enzymes aren’t used up Enzymes are not changed by the reaction used only temporarily re-used again for the same reaction with other molecules very little enzyme needed to help in many reactions ...
... Enzymes aren’t used up Enzymes are not changed by the reaction used only temporarily re-used again for the same reaction with other molecules very little enzyme needed to help in many reactions ...
File
... form four bonds. Carbon can form single bonds with another atom and also bond to other carbon molecules forming double, triple, or quadruple bonds. Organic compounds also contain hydrogen. Since hydrogen has only one electron, it can form only single bonds. Each small organic molecule can be a unit ...
... form four bonds. Carbon can form single bonds with another atom and also bond to other carbon molecules forming double, triple, or quadruple bonds. Organic compounds also contain hydrogen. Since hydrogen has only one electron, it can form only single bonds. Each small organic molecule can be a unit ...
Lecture 3: Glycolysis Part 2 - University of California, Berkeley
... Thioesters. The hydrolysis of thioesters is much more strongly downhill than the hydrolysis of simple esters. Oxygen-based esters like this give resonance stabilization so that both of the oxygen atoms carry a somewhat similar partial negative charge. With thioesters, because of the size difference ...
... Thioesters. The hydrolysis of thioesters is much more strongly downhill than the hydrolysis of simple esters. Oxygen-based esters like this give resonance stabilization so that both of the oxygen atoms carry a somewhat similar partial negative charge. With thioesters, because of the size difference ...
Document
... • The aspartate aminotransferase route (Route 1) does not involve NADH. • Since cytosolic NADH is required for gluconeogenesis, route 2 is usually required. • However, if lactate is the gluconeogenic precursor, it is oxidized to pyruvate generating cytosolic NADH. Therefore, either route may then be ...
... • The aspartate aminotransferase route (Route 1) does not involve NADH. • Since cytosolic NADH is required for gluconeogenesis, route 2 is usually required. • However, if lactate is the gluconeogenic precursor, it is oxidized to pyruvate generating cytosolic NADH. Therefore, either route may then be ...
Hemoglobin as the main protein of erythrocytes. Its structure and
... Biological oxidation as the main way of nutrients splitting in the organism, its function in the cell. Ways of substances oxidation in cells; enzymes catalyzing oxidative reactions in the organism. NAD- linked and flavinic dehydrogenases. The structure of oxidized and reduced forms of NAD and FAD. E ...
... Biological oxidation as the main way of nutrients splitting in the organism, its function in the cell. Ways of substances oxidation in cells; enzymes catalyzing oxidative reactions in the organism. NAD- linked and flavinic dehydrogenases. The structure of oxidized and reduced forms of NAD and FAD. E ...
2, The Glyoxylate Pathway
... • The aspartate aminotransferase route (Route 1) does not involve NADH. • Since cytosolic NADH is required for gluconeogenesis, route 2 is usually required. • However, if lactate is the gluconeogenic precursor, it is oxidized to pyruvate generating cytosolic NADH. Therefore, either route may then be ...
... • The aspartate aminotransferase route (Route 1) does not involve NADH. • Since cytosolic NADH is required for gluconeogenesis, route 2 is usually required. • However, if lactate is the gluconeogenic precursor, it is oxidized to pyruvate generating cytosolic NADH. Therefore, either route may then be ...
Nerve activates contraction
... Urea is one of the major breakdown products of proteins and one of the main ingredients of urine. The enzyme urease enhances the rate of urea hydrolysis at pH 8 and 20oC by a factor of 1014. If a given quantity of urease can completely hydrolyze a given quantity of urea in 5 minutes, how long, in ye ...
... Urea is one of the major breakdown products of proteins and one of the main ingredients of urine. The enzyme urease enhances the rate of urea hydrolysis at pH 8 and 20oC by a factor of 1014. If a given quantity of urease can completely hydrolyze a given quantity of urea in 5 minutes, how long, in ye ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.