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Campbell Biology in Focus (Urry) Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration
... Learning Outcome: 7.2 26) Which kind of metabolic poison would most directly interfere with glycolysis? A) an agent that reacts with oxygen and depletes its concentration in the cell B) an agent that binds to pyruvate and inactivates it C) an agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose but is ...
... Learning Outcome: 7.2 26) Which kind of metabolic poison would most directly interfere with glycolysis? A) an agent that reacts with oxygen and depletes its concentration in the cell B) an agent that binds to pyruvate and inactivates it C) an agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose but is ...
Enzymes
... 3 Enzymes reduce activation energy by holding substrate in a way which causes reaction to occur more easily forming enzyme-product complex ...
... 3 Enzymes reduce activation energy by holding substrate in a way which causes reaction to occur more easily forming enzyme-product complex ...
Gibbs Free Energy Changes for the Glycolytic Enzymes
... ↓ TCA Cycle Glycolysis is the metabolic process of converting 1 molecule of glucose to 2 molecules of pyruvate through a series of 10 enzyme catalyzed reactions. All the steps of glycolysis occur in the cytosol of a cell and do not require O2. Note: converting pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and then acetyl- ...
... ↓ TCA Cycle Glycolysis is the metabolic process of converting 1 molecule of glucose to 2 molecules of pyruvate through a series of 10 enzyme catalyzed reactions. All the steps of glycolysis occur in the cytosol of a cell and do not require O2. Note: converting pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and then acetyl- ...
清华大学本科生考试试题专用纸
... E. They are activated when C or G residues are substituted into their –10 regions by mutation. F. Those that have sequences that correspond closely to the consensus sequences and are separated by 17 base pairs are very efficient. Answer(s): A, B, C, F 25. The AAUAAA sequence on a RNA molecule marks ...
... E. They are activated when C or G residues are substituted into their –10 regions by mutation. F. Those that have sequences that correspond closely to the consensus sequences and are separated by 17 base pairs are very efficient. Answer(s): A, B, C, F 25. The AAUAAA sequence on a RNA molecule marks ...
Bio_48_Chapter_2_lecture
... • Glycogen (animal starch): highly branched polysaccharide composed of glucose subunits – Glycogen does not pull in water via osmosis as simple sugars do. ...
... • Glycogen (animal starch): highly branched polysaccharide composed of glucose subunits – Glycogen does not pull in water via osmosis as simple sugars do. ...
Chymotrypsin is a Serine Protease
... • Correct positioning of two reacting groups (in model reactions or at enzyme active sites): (1) Reduces their degrees of freedom (2) Results in a large loss of entropy (3) The relative enhanced concentration of substrates (“effective molarity”) predicts the rate acceleration ...
... • Correct positioning of two reacting groups (in model reactions or at enzyme active sites): (1) Reduces their degrees of freedom (2) Results in a large loss of entropy (3) The relative enhanced concentration of substrates (“effective molarity”) predicts the rate acceleration ...
Citric Acid Cycle in Anabolism
... • Critters can make fat from carbohydrates • Plants, fungi, and some bacteria can make carbohydrates from fats via acetyl-CoA • Use a modified version of the Krebs Cycle • Plants use this to grow from stored oils in seeds • Bacteria use this to grow on simple carbon compounds when carbohydrates are ...
... • Critters can make fat from carbohydrates • Plants, fungi, and some bacteria can make carbohydrates from fats via acetyl-CoA • Use a modified version of the Krebs Cycle • Plants use this to grow from stored oils in seeds • Bacteria use this to grow on simple carbon compounds when carbohydrates are ...
Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions
... A. Oxidation and reduction occur together. Whenever an atom loses electrons (is oxidized) another atom must gain electrons (be reduced). B. Reducing Agent- the substance that causes reduction to occur. loses one or more electrons and undergoes oxidation oxidation # of atom increases metals act as go ...
... A. Oxidation and reduction occur together. Whenever an atom loses electrons (is oxidized) another atom must gain electrons (be reduced). B. Reducing Agent- the substance that causes reduction to occur. loses one or more electrons and undergoes oxidation oxidation # of atom increases metals act as go ...
SCCS AP Biology Summer 2016 Assignment Welcome to AP
... 28. 3.3: The main storage molecule for energy is a triglyceride. Basically, its parts are one glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acid molecules. Does glycerol have hydroxide groups? (-OH groups) Why isn’t a triglyceride a polar molecule? 29. 3.3: Triglycerides can be saturated or unsaturated. Structural ...
... 28. 3.3: The main storage molecule for energy is a triglyceride. Basically, its parts are one glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acid molecules. Does glycerol have hydroxide groups? (-OH groups) Why isn’t a triglyceride a polar molecule? 29. 3.3: Triglycerides can be saturated or unsaturated. Structural ...
Lect 1 (Metabolic Pathways) Lect 2 (Enzymes) Lect 3 (Glucose
... always be low [free glucose], travelling down the concentration gradient. G6P also won’t be able to leave. Hexokinase IV/glucokinase is found only in the liver, doesn’t have endproduct inhibition, it functions at higher [glucose]. Glucokinase can be sequestered in the nucleus by Fructose 6-phosphate ...
... always be low [free glucose], travelling down the concentration gradient. G6P also won’t be able to leave. Hexokinase IV/glucokinase is found only in the liver, doesn’t have endproduct inhibition, it functions at higher [glucose]. Glucokinase can be sequestered in the nucleus by Fructose 6-phosphate ...
Anaerobic Respiration - County Central High School
... VO2 max values vary between individuals and although you can increase yours through some training, it will decrease as you get older Even though VO2 max can be increased through exercise, lactic acid is also building up at an increased rate which can limit the amount of training and exercise an indi ...
... VO2 max values vary between individuals and although you can increase yours through some training, it will decrease as you get older Even though VO2 max can be increased through exercise, lactic acid is also building up at an increased rate which can limit the amount of training and exercise an indi ...
Chapter 8 Metabolism
... 37oC reactants do not reach EA (transition state) Enzymes speed rate to transition state ...
... 37oC reactants do not reach EA (transition state) Enzymes speed rate to transition state ...
AP Biology Photosynthesis Guided Notes
... chemical energy of ATP and NADPH to reduce CO2 to sugar • The _________________, like the citric acid cycle, regenerates its starting material after molecules enter and leave the cycle • The cycle builds ___________ from smaller molecules by using __________ and the reducing power of electrons carri ...
... chemical energy of ATP and NADPH to reduce CO2 to sugar • The _________________, like the citric acid cycle, regenerates its starting material after molecules enter and leave the cycle • The cycle builds ___________ from smaller molecules by using __________ and the reducing power of electrons carri ...
hyde school: unit plan - science-b
... Describe how the carbon skeleton of glucose changes as it proceeds through glycolysis. ...
... Describe how the carbon skeleton of glucose changes as it proceeds through glycolysis. ...
Co-ordinated Synthesis of Membrane Phospholipids with the
... membranes. Synthesis of the membrane phospholipids de novo largely occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum, although formation of some phosphatidic acid and diphosphatidylglycerol takes place in mitochondria. The synaptic vesicles in the nerve terminal (synaptosome) can synthesize phosphatidylcholine fr ...
... membranes. Synthesis of the membrane phospholipids de novo largely occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum, although formation of some phosphatidic acid and diphosphatidylglycerol takes place in mitochondria. The synaptic vesicles in the nerve terminal (synaptosome) can synthesize phosphatidylcholine fr ...
SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIALS AND METHODS Ceramide and
... present in the sample treated with trehalase. Each sample was normalized to total protein. ATP measurement A bioluminescence assay based on luciferase-catalyzed oxidation of luciferin was used to determine the amount of ATP present in mitochondria using an ATP assay kit following the manufacturer’s ...
... present in the sample treated with trehalase. Each sample was normalized to total protein. ATP measurement A bioluminescence assay based on luciferase-catalyzed oxidation of luciferin was used to determine the amount of ATP present in mitochondria using an ATP assay kit following the manufacturer’s ...
NOTES: Ch 9, part 4
... and fatty acids (used in generating acetyl CoA) ● An oxidized gram of fat produces more than twice as much ATP as an oxidized gram of carbohydrate ...
... and fatty acids (used in generating acetyl CoA) ● An oxidized gram of fat produces more than twice as much ATP as an oxidized gram of carbohydrate ...
Overview: The Energy of Life
... • Energy is released from ATP when the terminal phosphate bond is broken • This release of energy comes from the chemical change to a state of lower free energy, not from the phosphate bonds themselves How the Hydrolysis of ATP Performs Work • The three types of cellular work (mechanical, transport, ...
... • Energy is released from ATP when the terminal phosphate bond is broken • This release of energy comes from the chemical change to a state of lower free energy, not from the phosphate bonds themselves How the Hydrolysis of ATP Performs Work • The three types of cellular work (mechanical, transport, ...
Chemistry Membranes Transport across membrane
... Peptides = oligopeptide (oligo = "few") formed from small number of amino acids (3-40), dipeptide, tripeptide, nonapeptide Proteins = polypeptide (poly = "many") are long, formed from hundreds to thousands - usually 300 amino acids (size is around ...
... Peptides = oligopeptide (oligo = "few") formed from small number of amino acids (3-40), dipeptide, tripeptide, nonapeptide Proteins = polypeptide (poly = "many") are long, formed from hundreds to thousands - usually 300 amino acids (size is around ...
Document
... (7) In which of the following environmental conditions would digestive enzyme Y be unable to bring its substrate(s) to the transition state? a. At any temperature below optimum; b. At any pH where the rate of reaction is not maximum c. At any pH lower than 5.5; d. At any temperature higher than 37°C ...
... (7) In which of the following environmental conditions would digestive enzyme Y be unable to bring its substrate(s) to the transition state? a. At any temperature below optimum; b. At any pH where the rate of reaction is not maximum c. At any pH lower than 5.5; d. At any temperature higher than 37°C ...
Assn5
... 1. Show the biochemical pathway for each of the following: a) the synthesis of L-proline starting with L-arginine b) the synthesis of L-cysteine starting with L-methionine c) the synthesis of L-serine starting with L-asparagine d) the synthesis of norepinephrine starting with L-phenylalanine 2. How ...
... 1. Show the biochemical pathway for each of the following: a) the synthesis of L-proline starting with L-arginine b) the synthesis of L-cysteine starting with L-methionine c) the synthesis of L-serine starting with L-asparagine d) the synthesis of norepinephrine starting with L-phenylalanine 2. How ...
N x C (N-2)
... former depends upon the rate at which various organelles reach the bottom of the centrifuge tube to form a pellet. Organelles that do not reach the bottom so rapidly remain in the supernatant. On the next page a schematic of how differential centrifugation can be use to separate various organelles i ...
... former depends upon the rate at which various organelles reach the bottom of the centrifuge tube to form a pellet. Organelles that do not reach the bottom so rapidly remain in the supernatant. On the next page a schematic of how differential centrifugation can be use to separate various organelles i ...
Chemistry Membranes Transport across membrane
... Elements, monomers and polymers found in living cells Elements ...
... Elements, monomers and polymers found in living cells Elements ...
Biochemistry 6/e
... catalytic activity - Carbonic anhydrase contains Zinc ion; first known zinc-containing enzyme. - Zinc ion is necessary for catalytic activity. - At least 7 carbonic anhydrase in human. - Carbonic anhydrase Ⅱ is the most extensively studied. - Three coordination sites are occupied by the imidazole ri ...
... catalytic activity - Carbonic anhydrase contains Zinc ion; first known zinc-containing enzyme. - Zinc ion is necessary for catalytic activity. - At least 7 carbonic anhydrase in human. - Carbonic anhydrase Ⅱ is the most extensively studied. - Three coordination sites are occupied by the imidazole ri ...
annotated slides Power Point
... • Affects muscles, kidney, and heart tissues. • Muscle weakness related to importance of fatty acids as long term energy source • People with this disease supplement diet with medium chain fatty acids that do not require carnitine shuttle to enter mitochondria. ...
... • Affects muscles, kidney, and heart tissues. • Muscle weakness related to importance of fatty acids as long term energy source • People with this disease supplement diet with medium chain fatty acids that do not require carnitine shuttle to enter mitochondria. ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.