![Cellular Mechanisms](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/008274677_1-95f1fe3a8af34fbdacf9511a894ae095-300x300.png)
Cellular Mechanisms
... – Inhibitor binds (non covalently) to the active site – Competes with substrate at active site – Rate slows because active site encounters fewer substrate molecules per second. – Competitive inhibitors have similar structure to the substrate – Effect can be overcome by adding more substrate (increas ...
... – Inhibitor binds (non covalently) to the active site – Competes with substrate at active site – Rate slows because active site encounters fewer substrate molecules per second. – Competitive inhibitors have similar structure to the substrate – Effect can be overcome by adding more substrate (increas ...
6 Energy and Metabolism
... the mitochondria. Here, the NADH molecules from glycolysis and the TCA cycle are oxidized back to NAD so glycolysis can continue. It also generates 3 more ATP. When this system is performing in the presence of oxygen, oxygen is consumed and the waste product is water. When it is done anaerobically ( ...
... the mitochondria. Here, the NADH molecules from glycolysis and the TCA cycle are oxidized back to NAD so glycolysis can continue. It also generates 3 more ATP. When this system is performing in the presence of oxygen, oxygen is consumed and the waste product is water. When it is done anaerobically ( ...
- Catalyst
... – a solid precipitate forms when aqueous solutions of certain ions are mixed • Acid-Base: proton transfer reactions – acid donates a proton to a base, forming a molecule (water or another weak acid) and an aqueous salt – Acid: proton-donor; Base: proton-acceptor • Oxidation-Reduction: electron trans ...
... – a solid precipitate forms when aqueous solutions of certain ions are mixed • Acid-Base: proton transfer reactions – acid donates a proton to a base, forming a molecule (water or another weak acid) and an aqueous salt – Acid: proton-donor; Base: proton-acceptor • Oxidation-Reduction: electron trans ...
Chapter 2 Biochemistry Goux Guided Notes
... - Plants and some animals also use carbohydrates for structural purposes. - Living things store extra sugar as complex carbohydrates known as _____starches______________ - Single sugar molecules are also called ______monosaccharides______ - The large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides are kn ...
... - Plants and some animals also use carbohydrates for structural purposes. - Living things store extra sugar as complex carbohydrates known as _____starches______________ - Single sugar molecules are also called ______monosaccharides______ - The large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides are kn ...
Free radicals and antioxidants
... ROS a RNS against bacteria • enzyme complex NADPH-oxidase of leukocytes • myeloperoxidase - catalysis of the following reaction H2O2 + Cl- + H+ = HClO + H2O ...
... ROS a RNS against bacteria • enzyme complex NADPH-oxidase of leukocytes • myeloperoxidase - catalysis of the following reaction H2O2 + Cl- + H+ = HClO + H2O ...
practice midterm answers
... 6) . F . The average molecular weight of an amino acid in proteins is 128. 7) . F . In proteins, alpha helices are almost always left handed. 8) . F . Van der Waals interactions are too weak to stabilize proteins. 9) . F . HCl is a strong acid. This means it does not dissociate at all. 10) . T . All ...
... 6) . F . The average molecular weight of an amino acid in proteins is 128. 7) . F . In proteins, alpha helices are almost always left handed. 8) . F . Van der Waals interactions are too weak to stabilize proteins. 9) . F . HCl is a strong acid. This means it does not dissociate at all. 10) . T . All ...
Chapter 3
... distinguished from each other on the basis of fermentation of either glucose or maltose , and E. coli can be differentiated from Salmonella and Shigella on the basis of fermentation of lactose. ● The term fermentation refers to the breakdown of a sugar (such as glucose or maltose) to pyruvic acid an ...
... distinguished from each other on the basis of fermentation of either glucose or maltose , and E. coli can be differentiated from Salmonella and Shigella on the basis of fermentation of lactose. ● The term fermentation refers to the breakdown of a sugar (such as glucose or maltose) to pyruvic acid an ...
9/2/08 Transcript I - UAB School of Optometry
... All cells can carry out this primitive anaerobic pathway, even red blood cells which do not have a nucleus or mitochrondria Anaerobic pathway- does not require energy Utilized in "Fight or Flight"- If confronted by a lion then you will fight or flee and use this type of process because it does ...
... All cells can carry out this primitive anaerobic pathway, even red blood cells which do not have a nucleus or mitochrondria Anaerobic pathway- does not require energy Utilized in "Fight or Flight"- If confronted by a lion then you will fight or flee and use this type of process because it does ...
Chemical digestion
... Absorption of glucose and amino acids occurs at the villi (finger like projections). Absorbed by blood. Absorption of fats occurs at the villi; absorbed into lymph system. ...
... Absorption of glucose and amino acids occurs at the villi (finger like projections). Absorbed by blood. Absorption of fats occurs at the villi; absorbed into lymph system. ...
PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
... They are called alkaline b/c when these compounds are mixed in solutions: – Likely to form solutions with a pH greater than 7. ...
... They are called alkaline b/c when these compounds are mixed in solutions: – Likely to form solutions with a pH greater than 7. ...
1 PROBLEM SET 3 TCA cycle 1. To date this quarter you have
... 8. The citric acid cycle produces NADH, which normally is recycled by passage of electrons from NADH to oxygen via the respiratory chain. With no oxygen to accept electrons from NADH, the accumulation of NADH effectively stops the citric acid cycle. 9. The citric acid cycle is central to all aerobic ...
... 8. The citric acid cycle produces NADH, which normally is recycled by passage of electrons from NADH to oxygen via the respiratory chain. With no oxygen to accept electrons from NADH, the accumulation of NADH effectively stops the citric acid cycle. 9. The citric acid cycle is central to all aerobic ...
Gas-Forming reactions Reactions that form a
... But they end up with the same number of electrons they start with. Every atom, ion or polyatomic ion has a formal oxidation number associated with it. This value compares the number of protons in an atom (positive charge) and the number of electrons assigned to that atom (negative charge). In many c ...
... But they end up with the same number of electrons they start with. Every atom, ion or polyatomic ion has a formal oxidation number associated with it. This value compares the number of protons in an atom (positive charge) and the number of electrons assigned to that atom (negative charge). In many c ...
Cellular Energetics: Thermodynamics, ATP, Cellular
... B) are found only in plants whereas microtubules are found in plants and animal cells. C) are mainly composed of actin whereas microtubules are composed of tubulin. D) anchor organelles, whereas microtubules primarily function to help cells change shape and move. E) form the inner core of cilia and ...
... B) are found only in plants whereas microtubules are found in plants and animal cells. C) are mainly composed of actin whereas microtubules are composed of tubulin. D) anchor organelles, whereas microtubules primarily function to help cells change shape and move. E) form the inner core of cilia and ...
Chap21
... Imines are created when a carbon of a ketone or aldehyde is attacked by a (nucleophilic) amine; as shown above, the inter-mediate is an amine with an alcohol on the α-carbon, which will eventually rearrange into a C=N bond. This final product is the imine, or Schiff base. Note the similarity of the ...
... Imines are created when a carbon of a ketone or aldehyde is attacked by a (nucleophilic) amine; as shown above, the inter-mediate is an amine with an alcohol on the α-carbon, which will eventually rearrange into a C=N bond. This final product is the imine, or Schiff base. Note the similarity of the ...
Bio302 Biochemistry II,
... Answer only FIVE of the questions among 11-18. Question 1. Protein kinases a) use Thr, Ser, or Tyr as the acceptor groups for phosphoryl transfer. b) transfer the a (alqha) phosphorus atom of ATP. c) are located on the external surface of cells. d) transfer a phosphoryl group from one protein to ano ...
... Answer only FIVE of the questions among 11-18. Question 1. Protein kinases a) use Thr, Ser, or Tyr as the acceptor groups for phosphoryl transfer. b) transfer the a (alqha) phosphorus atom of ATP. c) are located on the external surface of cells. d) transfer a phosphoryl group from one protein to ano ...
Topic 3 The chemistry of life
... the reactions may occur faster. Enzymes are organic catalysts. They are proteins. The amino acids that make up these enzymes allow a tertiary and/or quaternary structure. Because each enzyme has a specific amino acid sequence, enzymes have a specific three-dimensional shape. The molecule an enzy ...
... the reactions may occur faster. Enzymes are organic catalysts. They are proteins. The amino acids that make up these enzymes allow a tertiary and/or quaternary structure. Because each enzyme has a specific amino acid sequence, enzymes have a specific three-dimensional shape. The molecule an enzy ...
Topic 3 The chemistry of life
... the reactions may occur faster. Enzymes are organic catalysts. They are proteins. The amino acids that make up these enzymes allow a tertiary and/or quaternary structure. Because each enzyme has a specific amino acid sequence, enzymes have a specific three-dimensional shape. The molecule an enzy ...
... the reactions may occur faster. Enzymes are organic catalysts. They are proteins. The amino acids that make up these enzymes allow a tertiary and/or quaternary structure. Because each enzyme has a specific amino acid sequence, enzymes have a specific three-dimensional shape. The molecule an enzy ...
Chapter 14
... 1. Intact inner mitochondrial membrane is required (to maintain a proton gradient) 2. Electron transport through the ETC generates a proton gradient (pumps H+ from the matrix to the intermembrane space) 3. The membrane-spanning enzyme, ATP synthase, catalyzes the phosphorylation of ADP in a reaction ...
... 1. Intact inner mitochondrial membrane is required (to maintain a proton gradient) 2. Electron transport through the ETC generates a proton gradient (pumps H+ from the matrix to the intermembrane space) 3. The membrane-spanning enzyme, ATP synthase, catalyzes the phosphorylation of ADP in a reaction ...
Lecture 13: Krebs` Cycle / Citric Acid
... and ubiquinone (UQ) which are hydrogen carriers, the other components of electron transport chain (cytochromes) are only electron carriers i.e. they cannot give or take protons (H+) During the electron transport, FAD and the iron atom of different cytochromes get successively reduced (Fe++) and oxi ...
... and ubiquinone (UQ) which are hydrogen carriers, the other components of electron transport chain (cytochromes) are only electron carriers i.e. they cannot give or take protons (H+) During the electron transport, FAD and the iron atom of different cytochromes get successively reduced (Fe++) and oxi ...
Document
... to cell processes. 2. ATP is a high-energy / low-energy molecule that is converted into higher-energy / lower-energy ADP when a phosphate group is removed and energy is released. 3. ADP is converted back into ATP by the addition of a phosphate group / food molecule. 4. Put the letter of the appropri ...
... to cell processes. 2. ATP is a high-energy / low-energy molecule that is converted into higher-energy / lower-energy ADP when a phosphate group is removed and energy is released. 3. ADP is converted back into ATP by the addition of a phosphate group / food molecule. 4. Put the letter of the appropri ...
File
... Enzymes are sensitive molecules. They often. have a narrow range of conditions under which they operate properly. For most of the enzymes associated with plant and animal metabolism, there is little activity at low temperatures. As the temperature increases, so too does the enzyme activity, until th ...
... Enzymes are sensitive molecules. They often. have a narrow range of conditions under which they operate properly. For most of the enzymes associated with plant and animal metabolism, there is little activity at low temperatures. As the temperature increases, so too does the enzyme activity, until th ...
Chapter 12 Enzymes: The Protein Catalyst
... enzymatic reactions; the lock and key model and the induced fit model ...
... enzymatic reactions; the lock and key model and the induced fit model ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.