Chapter 7 Membrane Structure and Function
... emergent properties beyond those of the individual molecules. - A cell must exchange materials (sugars, amino acids, O2, CO2, ions, etc.) with its surroundings, a process controlled by the plasma membrane. A. The Permeability of the Lipid Bilayer - Hydrophobic molecules (hydrocarbons, O2, CO2, etc.) ...
... emergent properties beyond those of the individual molecules. - A cell must exchange materials (sugars, amino acids, O2, CO2, ions, etc.) with its surroundings, a process controlled by the plasma membrane. A. The Permeability of the Lipid Bilayer - Hydrophobic molecules (hydrocarbons, O2, CO2, etc.) ...
03 Enzymes2
... Some metabolic processes are regulated by enzymes that exist in different molecular forms - isoenzymes Isoenzymes - multiple forms of an enzyme which differ in amino acid sequence but catalyze the same reaction Isoenzymes can differ in: kinetics, regulatory properties, the form of coenzyme the ...
... Some metabolic processes are regulated by enzymes that exist in different molecular forms - isoenzymes Isoenzymes - multiple forms of an enzyme which differ in amino acid sequence but catalyze the same reaction Isoenzymes can differ in: kinetics, regulatory properties, the form of coenzyme the ...
Compartmentalisation of metabolic pathways
... • Compartmentalization of metabolic pathways • General principles of regulation of the metabolism • Regulation on the cell level – 1) compartmentalization of metabolic pathways – 2) change of enzyme concentration (on the level of synthesis of new enzyme) – 3) change of enzyme activity (an existing e ...
... • Compartmentalization of metabolic pathways • General principles of regulation of the metabolism • Regulation on the cell level – 1) compartmentalization of metabolic pathways – 2) change of enzyme concentration (on the level of synthesis of new enzyme) – 3) change of enzyme activity (an existing e ...
Covalent Inhibition
... substrates on the catalyst favors formation of the transition state by reducing So‡. ...
... substrates on the catalyst favors formation of the transition state by reducing So‡. ...
1 22,25 October 2004 Physiology of Locomotion R. B. Huey I. Some
... 2. Fuels -- oxidation of carbon fuels (fats, carbohydrates, amino acids) 3. Very efficient -- 12 to 15 more ATP per mole glucose than anaerobic glycolysis. Also relatively "clean" -- produces water and CO2. 3. The “Bad” -- requires O2. Only small intracellular stores of O2 are available, and environ ...
... 2. Fuels -- oxidation of carbon fuels (fats, carbohydrates, amino acids) 3. Very efficient -- 12 to 15 more ATP per mole glucose than anaerobic glycolysis. Also relatively "clean" -- produces water and CO2. 3. The “Bad” -- requires O2. Only small intracellular stores of O2 are available, and environ ...
CO 2
... inner mitochondrial membrane. • Most ATP produced by cellular respiration is generated by oxidative phosphorylation • uses the energy released by the downhill fall of electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen to phosphorylate ADP. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... inner mitochondrial membrane. • Most ATP produced by cellular respiration is generated by oxidative phosphorylation • uses the energy released by the downhill fall of electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen to phosphorylate ADP. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
9-1 and 9-3 PowerPoint Notes
... ___________cycle and ___________transport chain are both aerobic processes. Both processes take place inside the mitochondria. Oxygen and Energy ___________ is an ___________process. It does not directly require oxygen, nor does it rely on an oxygen-requiring process to run. However, it is still con ...
... ___________cycle and ___________transport chain are both aerobic processes. Both processes take place inside the mitochondria. Oxygen and Energy ___________ is an ___________process. It does not directly require oxygen, nor does it rely on an oxygen-requiring process to run. However, it is still con ...
Lecture 9 – Cellular Respiration
... lower energy than NADH, and so enter the electron transport chain at a protein further along in the chain The transport proteins alternate reduced and oxidized states as they accept and donate electrons ...
... lower energy than NADH, and so enter the electron transport chain at a protein further along in the chain The transport proteins alternate reduced and oxidized states as they accept and donate electrons ...
0604 Role of mitochondria in the control of fatty acid oxidation
... High capacity for fatty acid (FA) oxidation is a sign of metabolic fitness and is important not only for exercise performance but also for health promotion. FA oxidation is controlled by multiple mechanisms e.g. substrate availability, transport over sarcolemma and transport into mitochondrial matri ...
... High capacity for fatty acid (FA) oxidation is a sign of metabolic fitness and is important not only for exercise performance but also for health promotion. FA oxidation is controlled by multiple mechanisms e.g. substrate availability, transport over sarcolemma and transport into mitochondrial matri ...
Lecture 13
... Liver alcohol dehydrogenase makes a mistake 1 in 7 billion turnovers. Mutating Leu 182 to Ala increases the mistake rate to 1 in 850,000. This is a 8000 fold increase in the mistake rate, This suggests that the stereospecificity is helped by amino acid side chains. ...
... Liver alcohol dehydrogenase makes a mistake 1 in 7 billion turnovers. Mutating Leu 182 to Ala increases the mistake rate to 1 in 850,000. This is a 8000 fold increase in the mistake rate, This suggests that the stereospecificity is helped by amino acid side chains. ...
Oxidative Metabolism - Plant Energy Biology
... Shows slowing of growth rate upon change to oxidative metabolism ...
... Shows slowing of growth rate upon change to oxidative metabolism ...
Chapter 6 2015 - Franklin College
... • Cell respiration is one example of a metabolic pathway. The chemistry of life is organized into metabolic pathways (complex and regulated by enzymes). (street analogy). • 2 types of metabolic pathways • a. catabolic-degradative, energy releasing (downhill), oxidative, spontaneous • b. anabolic-syn ...
... • Cell respiration is one example of a metabolic pathway. The chemistry of life is organized into metabolic pathways (complex and regulated by enzymes). (street analogy). • 2 types of metabolic pathways • a. catabolic-degradative, energy releasing (downhill), oxidative, spontaneous • b. anabolic-syn ...
File
... • The tetramer is composed of L and M subunits • M4, M3L, M2L2, ML3, and L4 all exist. Combinations of these subunits are called Isozyme • Muscles are rich in M4; the liver is rich in L4 ...
... • The tetramer is composed of L and M subunits • M4, M3L, M2L2, ML3, and L4 all exist. Combinations of these subunits are called Isozyme • Muscles are rich in M4; the liver is rich in L4 ...
Enzymes
... living processes .the scope of biochemistry is as vast as life itself . Every aspect of life-birth, growth, reproduction, aging and death, involves biochemistry. For that matter, every moment of life is packed with hundreds of biochemical reactions. Biochemistry is the most rapidly developing and mo ...
... living processes .the scope of biochemistry is as vast as life itself . Every aspect of life-birth, growth, reproduction, aging and death, involves biochemistry. For that matter, every moment of life is packed with hundreds of biochemical reactions. Biochemistry is the most rapidly developing and mo ...
University of Groningen The influence of peptide structure on
... Each protein has a unique amino acid sequence, the primary structure, determined by genes. Proteins have also a well–defined three–dimensional structure. The functionality of proteins originates from this secondary structure, specified by the amino acid sequence. Proteins tend to form many hydrogen ...
... Each protein has a unique amino acid sequence, the primary structure, determined by genes. Proteins have also a well–defined three–dimensional structure. The functionality of proteins originates from this secondary structure, specified by the amino acid sequence. Proteins tend to form many hydrogen ...
Chem 32 Solutions to Section 15.4 – 15.6 Homework Problems
... 15.78 Only pathway “c” produces energy that can be harnessed to make ATP. Pathway “a” does not produce or consume a significant amount of energy. Pathway “b” is an activation step, and consumes energy (the body breaks down ATP in this step). 15.86 The starting materials of the citric acid cycle are ...
... 15.78 Only pathway “c” produces energy that can be harnessed to make ATP. Pathway “a” does not produce or consume a significant amount of energy. Pathway “b” is an activation step, and consumes energy (the body breaks down ATP in this step). 15.86 The starting materials of the citric acid cycle are ...
Chapter 9. Cellular Respiration Other Metabolites
... Fat generates 2x ATP vs. carbohydrate more C in gram of fat more O in gram of carbohydrate ...
... Fat generates 2x ATP vs. carbohydrate more C in gram of fat more O in gram of carbohydrate ...
Brief Answer Key (up to 2/9)
... increasing entropy, and for which the Gibbs free energy is less than zero b. Endothermic reaction i. Chemical reaction that requires an input of energy to occur and for which the Gibbs free energy is greater than zero. 8.) Why are endergonic reactions linked to exergonic reactions in cells? –> So wh ...
... increasing entropy, and for which the Gibbs free energy is less than zero b. Endothermic reaction i. Chemical reaction that requires an input of energy to occur and for which the Gibbs free energy is greater than zero. 8.) Why are endergonic reactions linked to exergonic reactions in cells? –> So wh ...
Membrane structure, I
... the cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific substances, even though those substances may not be very concentrated in the extracellular fluid. Embedded in the membrane are proteins with specific receptor sites exposed to the extracellular fluid. The receptor proteins are usually already clustered ...
... the cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific substances, even though those substances may not be very concentrated in the extracellular fluid. Embedded in the membrane are proteins with specific receptor sites exposed to the extracellular fluid. The receptor proteins are usually already clustered ...
The Chemistry of Life
... Neutrons and Protons, are packed together to form a dense core, the atomic nucleus, at the center of an atom. Electrons form a cloud around the ...
... Neutrons and Protons, are packed together to form a dense core, the atomic nucleus, at the center of an atom. Electrons form a cloud around the ...
barriers pores pumps and gates gapped notes
... creates the K+ and Na+ gradients • K+ movement down its gradient creates the membrane potential • - because K+ ions only can cross the membrane. • What is important is not that the membrane is K+ permeable but rather that it is ……………… to other ions. • The value of the membrane potential may be calcu ...
... creates the K+ and Na+ gradients • K+ movement down its gradient creates the membrane potential • - because K+ ions only can cross the membrane. • What is important is not that the membrane is K+ permeable but rather that it is ……………… to other ions. • The value of the membrane potential may be calcu ...
Energy Systems - Mrs N Benedict
... re-synthesise three molecules of ATP but the process of glycolysis itself requires energy (one molecule) The lactic acid system provides energy for high-intensity activities lasting up to 3 minutes but peaking at 1 minute, for example the 400m ...
... re-synthesise three molecules of ATP but the process of glycolysis itself requires energy (one molecule) The lactic acid system provides energy for high-intensity activities lasting up to 3 minutes but peaking at 1 minute, for example the 400m ...
Work and Energy in Muscles
... glucose molecule is over 10 times that produced in anaerobic metabolism. However, the rate of aerobic ATP production is much lower than that of direct phosphorylation of ADP or anaerobic glycolysis. Muscle activity must therefore be adjusted to the reduced tempo of high-energy phosphate synthesis. T ...
... glucose molecule is over 10 times that produced in anaerobic metabolism. However, the rate of aerobic ATP production is much lower than that of direct phosphorylation of ADP or anaerobic glycolysis. Muscle activity must therefore be adjusted to the reduced tempo of high-energy phosphate synthesis. T ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.