Chapter 6
... At this point the original 6C sugar has been converted to 2 moles of the 3C aldehyde, G3P. This conversion has consumed 2 moles of ATP and has thus been an energy drain on the cell. The glyceraldehyde-3-P is now oxidized to the corresponding acid. This reaction is one of the best understood examples ...
... At this point the original 6C sugar has been converted to 2 moles of the 3C aldehyde, G3P. This conversion has consumed 2 moles of ATP and has thus been an energy drain on the cell. The glyceraldehyde-3-P is now oxidized to the corresponding acid. This reaction is one of the best understood examples ...
Nucleotides, Vitamins, Cosubstrates, and Coenzymes
... sugar alcohol ribitol) with a phosphate group esterified to the hydroxyl group of carbon five. FAD is FMN linked to an AMP molecule. FMN and FAD take part in oxidation / reduction reactions. The riboflavin ring usually undergoes a two electron oxidation or reduction. The flavin ring when reduced acc ...
... sugar alcohol ribitol) with a phosphate group esterified to the hydroxyl group of carbon five. FAD is FMN linked to an AMP molecule. FMN and FAD take part in oxidation / reduction reactions. The riboflavin ring usually undergoes a two electron oxidation or reduction. The flavin ring when reduced acc ...
Bioenergetics
... Phosphagens are more rapidly depleted with high intensity exercise than aerobic exercise. Creatine Phosphate decreases 50-70% during high intensity exercise and can be almost eliminated by exercise to exhaustion Muscle ATP concentrations do not decrease by more than 60% of initial value even during ...
... Phosphagens are more rapidly depleted with high intensity exercise than aerobic exercise. Creatine Phosphate decreases 50-70% during high intensity exercise and can be almost eliminated by exercise to exhaustion Muscle ATP concentrations do not decrease by more than 60% of initial value even during ...
Ch7 Enzymes II: Coenzymes, Regulation, Abzymes, and Ribozymes
... – Is cleaved at one or a few specific peptide bonds to produce the active form of the enzyme. ...
... – Is cleaved at one or a few specific peptide bonds to produce the active form of the enzyme. ...
Cell death in PD-the case for mitochondria
... deficiency, but that SN cells for an unknown reason are even more sensitive to the stresses of the pathological abn than other parts of the brain ...
... deficiency, but that SN cells for an unknown reason are even more sensitive to the stresses of the pathological abn than other parts of the brain ...
Lecture 12
... – Affects structure and therefore regulates activities of many enzymes – Phosphorylation carried out by protein kinases R-OH + ATP R-O-PO32- + ADP + H+ – Protein dephosphorylation carried out by protein phosphatases R-O-PO32- + H2O R-OH + Pi ...
... – Affects structure and therefore regulates activities of many enzymes – Phosphorylation carried out by protein kinases R-OH + ATP R-O-PO32- + ADP + H+ – Protein dephosphorylation carried out by protein phosphatases R-O-PO32- + H2O R-OH + Pi ...
Muscle Energy and Metabolism
... a high level of muscle contractions you need to increase the blood supply (delivery of glucose and oxygen) to the muscle fiber. This “ramp-up” means the cardiovascular and respiratory systems must increase their activities to meet the demands of the more active muscle organ. The muscle fiber must ha ...
... a high level of muscle contractions you need to increase the blood supply (delivery of glucose and oxygen) to the muscle fiber. This “ramp-up” means the cardiovascular and respiratory systems must increase their activities to meet the demands of the more active muscle organ. The muscle fiber must ha ...
respiration_how cell..
... 6.10 Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation • Electrons from NADH and FADH2 – Travel down the electron transport chain to oxygen, which picks up H+ to form water • Energy released by the redox reactions ...
... 6.10 Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation • Electrons from NADH and FADH2 – Travel down the electron transport chain to oxygen, which picks up H+ to form water • Energy released by the redox reactions ...
Biosynthesis of Nucleotides Biosynthesis of Nucleotides
... (activated by dCTP inhibited by dTTP) Of the 4 dNTPs, only dCTP does not interact with the ...
... (activated by dCTP inhibited by dTTP) Of the 4 dNTPs, only dCTP does not interact with the ...
Elements Found in Living Things
... form four bonds. Carbon can form single bonds with another atom and also bond to other carbon molecules forming double, triple, or quadruple bonds. Organic compounds also contain hydrogen. Since hydrogen has only one electron, it can form only single bonds. Each small organic molecule can be a unit ...
... form four bonds. Carbon can form single bonds with another atom and also bond to other carbon molecules forming double, triple, or quadruple bonds. Organic compounds also contain hydrogen. Since hydrogen has only one electron, it can form only single bonds. Each small organic molecule can be a unit ...
Most common elements in living things are carbon, hydrogen
... form four bonds. Carbon can form single bonds with another atom and also bond to other carbon molecules forming double, triple, or quadruple bonds. Organic compounds also contain hydrogen. Since hydrogen has only one electron, it can form only single bonds. Each small organic molecule can be a unit ...
... form four bonds. Carbon can form single bonds with another atom and also bond to other carbon molecules forming double, triple, or quadruple bonds. Organic compounds also contain hydrogen. Since hydrogen has only one electron, it can form only single bonds. Each small organic molecule can be a unit ...
MM Handouts
... form four bonds. Carbon can form single bonds with another atom and also bond to other carbon molecules forming double, triple, or quadruple bonds. Organic compounds also contain hydrogen. Since hydrogen has only one electron, it can form only single bonds. Each small organic molecule can be a unit ...
... form four bonds. Carbon can form single bonds with another atom and also bond to other carbon molecules forming double, triple, or quadruple bonds. Organic compounds also contain hydrogen. Since hydrogen has only one electron, it can form only single bonds. Each small organic molecule can be a unit ...
Slide 1
... The Recovery process is concerned with the events AFTER exercise. It is important DURING exercise to allow performers to MAINTAIN performance and also AFTER exercise to SPEED UP their recovery. The aim is to RESTORE the body to its PRE EXERCISE STATE by removing BY PRODUCTS and by the REPLENISHMENT ...
... The Recovery process is concerned with the events AFTER exercise. It is important DURING exercise to allow performers to MAINTAIN performance and also AFTER exercise to SPEED UP their recovery. The aim is to RESTORE the body to its PRE EXERCISE STATE by removing BY PRODUCTS and by the REPLENISHMENT ...
Highlights from the Maltese Lipids Intervention: He went over his in
... 1. Know differences between Fatty Acid Oxidation and Synthesis. ALL OF THEM 2. Stages of fatty acid biosynthesis, rate limiting steps general reactions that occur. Know rate limiting step, etc. 3. Reaction sequence of Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (top slide page 266) 4. Don’t memorize the exact enzymes th ...
... 1. Know differences between Fatty Acid Oxidation and Synthesis. ALL OF THEM 2. Stages of fatty acid biosynthesis, rate limiting steps general reactions that occur. Know rate limiting step, etc. 3. Reaction sequence of Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (top slide page 266) 4. Don’t memorize the exact enzymes th ...
Elements Found in Living Things
... form four bonds. Carbon can form single bonds with another atom and also bond to other carbon molecules forming double, triple, or quadruple bonds. Organic compounds also contain hydrogen. Since hydrogen has only one electron, it can form only single bonds. Each small organic molecule can be a unit ...
... form four bonds. Carbon can form single bonds with another atom and also bond to other carbon molecules forming double, triple, or quadruple bonds. Organic compounds also contain hydrogen. Since hydrogen has only one electron, it can form only single bonds. Each small organic molecule can be a unit ...
Most common elements in living things are carbon, hydrogen
... 25. __________ bonds form when water is removed to hold _________ acids together. Lipids are large, nonpolar (won't dissolve in water) molecules. Phospholipids make up cell membranes. Lipids also serve as waxy coverings (cuticle) on plants, pigments (chlorophyll), and steroids. Lipids have more carb ...
... 25. __________ bonds form when water is removed to hold _________ acids together. Lipids are large, nonpolar (won't dissolve in water) molecules. Phospholipids make up cell membranes. Lipids also serve as waxy coverings (cuticle) on plants, pigments (chlorophyll), and steroids. Lipids have more carb ...
Enzymologie. Jak pracují enzymy
... • serine proteases belong to large family of proteolytic enzymes using this mechanism • the best known serine endoproteases are trypsin, chymotrypsin and elastase of pancreatic juice ...
... • serine proteases belong to large family of proteolytic enzymes using this mechanism • the best known serine endoproteases are trypsin, chymotrypsin and elastase of pancreatic juice ...
BS 11 First Mid-Term Answer Key Spring 1998
... one another in a non-polar environment, and hence will form an α -helix in octanol. In water, these groups can form H-bonds with water molecules and hence the decapeptide will be a random coil. (2 pt) C) The following peptide was isolated from a wasp. KELVISISHERETS At pH 7, it has the following net ...
... one another in a non-polar environment, and hence will form an α -helix in octanol. In water, these groups can form H-bonds with water molecules and hence the decapeptide will be a random coil. (2 pt) C) The following peptide was isolated from a wasp. KELVISISHERETS At pH 7, it has the following net ...
Document
... and light. What is the purpose of the ATP and NADPH? How are they made? How are they used in the production of sugars from CO2? 6. What are methanogenic Archaea? Where are they found? What are the substrates for methanogenesis? 7. Understand the role of methanogens in the anaerobic food chains of ru ...
... and light. What is the purpose of the ATP and NADPH? How are they made? How are they used in the production of sugars from CO2? 6. What are methanogenic Archaea? Where are they found? What are the substrates for methanogenesis? 7. Understand the role of methanogens in the anaerobic food chains of ru ...
Redox Reactions - KFUPM Faculty List
... Oxidation-reduction reactions (sometimes called redox reactions)) are reactions involvingg the transfer of one electron or more from one reactant to another. Redox reaction also involves the change in oxidation states for molecules. These reactions are very common in life: • Photosynthesis. (convers ...
... Oxidation-reduction reactions (sometimes called redox reactions)) are reactions involvingg the transfer of one electron or more from one reactant to another. Redox reaction also involves the change in oxidation states for molecules. These reactions are very common in life: • Photosynthesis. (convers ...
do not - wwphs
... What are catalysts used for? 1)Used in industrial processes to reduce heat or pressure requirements 2)Used in living organisms – Reactions must occur at body temp and atmospheric pressure (LOW) 3)Without catalysts reactions would be too slow 4)Needed to sustain life ...
... What are catalysts used for? 1)Used in industrial processes to reduce heat or pressure requirements 2)Used in living organisms – Reactions must occur at body temp and atmospheric pressure (LOW) 3)Without catalysts reactions would be too slow 4)Needed to sustain life ...
energy, cellular respiration
... • Glucose gives up energy as it is oxidized oxidation = loss of H Oxygen is reduced (gains H) Loss of hydrogen atoms ...
... • Glucose gives up energy as it is oxidized oxidation = loss of H Oxygen is reduced (gains H) Loss of hydrogen atoms ...
energy, cellular respiration
... • Glucose gives up energy as it is oxidized oxidation = loss of H Oxygen is reduced (gains H) Loss of hydrogen atoms ...
... • Glucose gives up energy as it is oxidized oxidation = loss of H Oxygen is reduced (gains H) Loss of hydrogen atoms ...
Energy systems & the continuum
... other functions needed to stay alive, such as digestion of foods, circulation and repairing tissues. ...
... other functions needed to stay alive, such as digestion of foods, circulation and repairing tissues. ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.