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LIPIDS - Biochemistry Notes
... metabolized for energy; in diabetes, the glucose is not available for glucolysis due to the shortage of insulin that prevents the glucose entry in the cell; thus, acetyl-CoA is used preferentially over glucose as an energy ...
... metabolized for energy; in diabetes, the glucose is not available for glucolysis due to the shortage of insulin that prevents the glucose entry in the cell; thus, acetyl-CoA is used preferentially over glucose as an energy ...
Free Energy and Metabolism
... – The ___________________________________________ of ATP’s tail ______________________by hydrolysis – _________________________ from ATP when the terminal phosphate bond is broken – This release of energy comes from the chemical change to a state of lower free energy, not from the phosphate bonds th ...
... – The ___________________________________________ of ATP’s tail ______________________by hydrolysis – _________________________ from ATP when the terminal phosphate bond is broken – This release of energy comes from the chemical change to a state of lower free energy, not from the phosphate bonds th ...
Popeye knew what he was doing!
... • There are four main stages in aerobic cellular respiration: 1. Glycolysis – Oxidation of glucose into pyruvate that occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. 2. Kreb’s cycle preparation – Pyruvate is used to form acetylCoA in the matrix of the mitochondria. 3. Kreb’s cycle – Energy is stored in reducin ...
... • There are four main stages in aerobic cellular respiration: 1. Glycolysis – Oxidation of glucose into pyruvate that occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. 2. Kreb’s cycle preparation – Pyruvate is used to form acetylCoA in the matrix of the mitochondria. 3. Kreb’s cycle – Energy is stored in reducin ...
Energy In A Cell
... • Stage 2: Light energy is converted to chemical energy • Excited electrons that leave chlorophyll molecules are used to produce new molecules that temporarily store chemical energy, including ATP. AN excited electron jumps to a nearby molecule in the thylakoid membrane • Then the electron is passed ...
... • Stage 2: Light energy is converted to chemical energy • Excited electrons that leave chlorophyll molecules are used to produce new molecules that temporarily store chemical energy, including ATP. AN excited electron jumps to a nearby molecule in the thylakoid membrane • Then the electron is passed ...
Energy In A Cell
... • Stage 2: Light energy is converted to chemical energy • Excited electrons that leave chlorophyll molecules are used to produce new molecules that temporarily store chemical energy, including ATP. AN excited electron jumps to a nearby molecule in the thylakoid membrane • Then the electron is passed ...
... • Stage 2: Light energy is converted to chemical energy • Excited electrons that leave chlorophyll molecules are used to produce new molecules that temporarily store chemical energy, including ATP. AN excited electron jumps to a nearby molecule in the thylakoid membrane • Then the electron is passed ...
Lipid Biosynthesis - Chemistry Courses: About: Department
... Are those which are required for cell survival. Are required for synthesis of cholesterol. Must be acquired by diet because they contain an odd number of carbon atoms. Cannot be synthesized by humans because we lack enzymes necessary to make them. ...
... Are those which are required for cell survival. Are required for synthesis of cholesterol. Must be acquired by diet because they contain an odd number of carbon atoms. Cannot be synthesized by humans because we lack enzymes necessary to make them. ...
... FADH is oxidized in complex II – technically it shuttles electrons from its substrate to FeS centers, electrons go on Q to form QH2 (4 pts). Protons are pumped across the membrane in complex I, but not complex II (2 pts) The rest of the pathway is the same QH2 to Complex III to cytochrome C to compl ...
Answers set 7
... If cytoplasmic malic enzyme converts malate to pyruvate in order to generate NADPH, how does the TCA cycle in the mitochondrion get more oxaloacetate to sustain the TCA cycle? When there is sufficient glucose in the cell to supply NADPH by the pentose phosphate cycle, oxaloacetate returns to the mit ...
... If cytoplasmic malic enzyme converts malate to pyruvate in order to generate NADPH, how does the TCA cycle in the mitochondrion get more oxaloacetate to sustain the TCA cycle? When there is sufficient glucose in the cell to supply NADPH by the pentose phosphate cycle, oxaloacetate returns to the mit ...
Cell Energy: Fermentation
... for reuse as an electron carrier for glycolysis to continue. How is this done? Some living systems use an organic molecule as the nal electron acceptor. Processes that use an organic molecule to regenerate NAD+ from NADH are collectively referred to as fermentation. In contrast, some living systems ...
... for reuse as an electron carrier for glycolysis to continue. How is this done? Some living systems use an organic molecule as the nal electron acceptor. Processes that use an organic molecule to regenerate NAD+ from NADH are collectively referred to as fermentation. In contrast, some living systems ...
CHM1 Exam 16 Name 2222222222222222222222222222 Multiple
... 19. Based on the following reaction 2 N2 (g) + 5 O2 (g) 2 N2O5 (g) How many gram of N2O5 could theoretically be formed by reacting 10.0 g of elemental nitrogen with 12.0 g of elemental oxygen? (1) 27.1 g (2) 11.3 g ...
... 19. Based on the following reaction 2 N2 (g) + 5 O2 (g) 2 N2O5 (g) How many gram of N2O5 could theoretically be formed by reacting 10.0 g of elemental nitrogen with 12.0 g of elemental oxygen? (1) 27.1 g (2) 11.3 g ...
Review session for exam-I
... The state of ionization of several amino acid side chains is affected by pH and the activity of many enzymes requires that certain of the amino acid residue side chains be in a specific ionization state. ...
... The state of ionization of several amino acid side chains is affected by pH and the activity of many enzymes requires that certain of the amino acid residue side chains be in a specific ionization state. ...
electron transport chain
... 4. The inner mitochondrial membrane couples electron transport to ATP synthesis: a closer look • Only 4 of 38 ATP ultimately produced by respiration of glucose are derived from substrate-level phosphorylation. • The vast majority of the ATP comes from the energy in the electrons carried by NADH (an ...
... 4. The inner mitochondrial membrane couples electron transport to ATP synthesis: a closer look • Only 4 of 38 ATP ultimately produced by respiration of glucose are derived from substrate-level phosphorylation. • The vast majority of the ATP comes from the energy in the electrons carried by NADH (an ...
1 Lecture 11. Redox Chemistry Many elements in the periodic table
... There is an “ideal” sequence of redox reactions based on the energy available. In this sequence, organic matter is combusted in order by O2, NO3, MnO2, Fe2O3 then SO42- to provide this energy. Most of these reactions have slow kinetics if left to occur on their own. Bacteria mediate most of these re ...
... There is an “ideal” sequence of redox reactions based on the energy available. In this sequence, organic matter is combusted in order by O2, NO3, MnO2, Fe2O3 then SO42- to provide this energy. Most of these reactions have slow kinetics if left to occur on their own. Bacteria mediate most of these re ...
Atoms and Materials for Engineering
... and electrons, we find many additional orbitals. For example, copper has 29 protons and 29 electrons. Remembering that a maximum of two electrons can fit in each orbital, that means that the copper atom has 15 orbitals, 14 full and one half full. In addition to many orbitals of the s and p types, th ...
... and electrons, we find many additional orbitals. For example, copper has 29 protons and 29 electrons. Remembering that a maximum of two electrons can fit in each orbital, that means that the copper atom has 15 orbitals, 14 full and one half full. In addition to many orbitals of the s and p types, th ...
Chapter 6: Metabolism
... A cell has two ways to couple ATP hydrolysis ATP is used to energize a reactant ATP is used change the shape of a reactant Both can be achieved by transferring Pi to the reactant ...
... A cell has two ways to couple ATP hydrolysis ATP is used to energize a reactant ATP is used change the shape of a reactant Both can be achieved by transferring Pi to the reactant ...
Fatigue and the Recovery Process
... This process takes much longer and can last minutes to hours depending on the intensity of the exercise Oxygen is needed to break down the lactic acid back to Pyruvate. (LA +O2 = Pyruvate) Pyruvate can then enter the aerobic system and leave as CO2 and water Lactic acid can also be converted back in ...
... This process takes much longer and can last minutes to hours depending on the intensity of the exercise Oxygen is needed to break down the lactic acid back to Pyruvate. (LA +O2 = Pyruvate) Pyruvate can then enter the aerobic system and leave as CO2 and water Lactic acid can also be converted back in ...
In Search of Mitochondrial Mechanisms: Interfield
... Eduard Buchner announced in 1897 that he had achieved fermentation (the conversion of glucose to alcohol) by adding sugar to press juice made by adding water to ground yeast and then filtering it under pressure. He concluded that the key factor was not cell structure, but rather a soluble protein in ...
... Eduard Buchner announced in 1897 that he had achieved fermentation (the conversion of glucose to alcohol) by adding sugar to press juice made by adding water to ground yeast and then filtering it under pressure. He concluded that the key factor was not cell structure, but rather a soluble protein in ...
Energy Systems and Muscle Fibre Types
... - increases number and size of mitochondria within the muscle fibres - increases the activity of enzymes (Krebs cycle) - preferential use of fats over glycogen during exercise ...
... - increases number and size of mitochondria within the muscle fibres - increases the activity of enzymes (Krebs cycle) - preferential use of fats over glycogen during exercise ...
Lecture 1 - Temple University
... because of steric collisions between atoms within each amino acid, most pairs of f and y angles do not occur. In this so-called Ramachandran plot, each dot represents an observed pair of angles in a protein. (B, from J. Richardson, Adv. Prot. Chem. 34:174 175, 1981. © Academic Press ...
... because of steric collisions between atoms within each amino acid, most pairs of f and y angles do not occur. In this so-called Ramachandran plot, each dot represents an observed pair of angles in a protein. (B, from J. Richardson, Adv. Prot. Chem. 34:174 175, 1981. © Academic Press ...
Prezentace aplikace PowerPoint
... Transport of thyroid hormones by blood • Thyroid hormones are hydrophobic compounds and therefore they used for its transport carrier protein • The main transporting protein is thyroxine binding globulin (TBG). Its affinity for T4 is 10 times higher than for T3 . The further proteins, binding thyr ...
... Transport of thyroid hormones by blood • Thyroid hormones are hydrophobic compounds and therefore they used for its transport carrier protein • The main transporting protein is thyroxine binding globulin (TBG). Its affinity for T4 is 10 times higher than for T3 . The further proteins, binding thyr ...
glucose-6-P - WordPress.com
... This phosphate transfer from PEP to ADP is spontaneous. PEP has a larger ∆G of phosphate hydrolysis than ATP. Removal of Pi from PEP yields an unstable enol, which spontaneously converts to the keto form of pyruvate. Required inorganic cations K+ and Mg++ bind to anionic residues at the active s ...
... This phosphate transfer from PEP to ADP is spontaneous. PEP has a larger ∆G of phosphate hydrolysis than ATP. Removal of Pi from PEP yields an unstable enol, which spontaneously converts to the keto form of pyruvate. Required inorganic cations K+ and Mg++ bind to anionic residues at the active s ...
Redox Reactions in Metabolism Supplemental Reading Key
... oxidation of glucose to form CO2 and H2O by a process called aerobic respiration. The e- donor is glucose which functions as the reductant, and O2 is the eacceptor (oxidant) that is reduced in the last step of the electron transport system to form H2O. The two conjugate redox pairs NAD+/NADH and FAD ...
... oxidation of glucose to form CO2 and H2O by a process called aerobic respiration. The e- donor is glucose which functions as the reductant, and O2 is the eacceptor (oxidant) that is reduced in the last step of the electron transport system to form H2O. The two conjugate redox pairs NAD+/NADH and FAD ...
17_Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate and Krebs cycle
... • Electrons are transferred from succinate to FAD and then to ubiquinone (Q) in electron transport chain • Dehydrogenation is stereospecific; only the trans isomer is formed ...
... • Electrons are transferred from succinate to FAD and then to ubiquinone (Q) in electron transport chain • Dehydrogenation is stereospecific; only the trans isomer is formed ...
First Semester complete review with answers
... 33. How do you determine an element’s oxidation number? Use potassium and nitrogen as examples. Oxidation number is determined y how many electrons an atom takes or gives to become an ion. K oxidation number is +1. Potassium (K) is in group 1 and has 1 valence electron. K gives up that 1 electron be ...
... 33. How do you determine an element’s oxidation number? Use potassium and nitrogen as examples. Oxidation number is determined y how many electrons an atom takes or gives to become an ion. K oxidation number is +1. Potassium (K) is in group 1 and has 1 valence electron. K gives up that 1 electron be ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP. Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, ATP is the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is probably so pervasive because it is a highly efficient way of releasing energy, compared to alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors such as oxygen, in redox reactions. These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, five main protein complexes are involved, whereas in prokaryotes many different enzymes are present, using a variety of electron donors and acceptors.The energy released by electrons flowing through this electron transport chain is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in a process called electron transport. This generates potential energy in the form of a pH gradient and an electrical potential across this membrane. This store of energy is tapped by allowing protons to flow back across the membrane and down this gradient, through a large enzyme called ATP synthase; this process is known as chemiosmosis. This enzyme uses this energy to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), in a phosphorylation reaction. This reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme; the ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging (senescence). The enzymes carrying out this metabolic pathway are also the target of many drugs and poisons that inhibit their activities.