Download Highlights from the Maltese Lipids Intervention: He went over his in

Highlights from the Maltese Lipids Intervention:
He went over his in-lecture quiz questions as well as the following topics. Anything highlighted here
represents slides that Maltese went over in the intervention.
Lipids 1: Beta Oxidation1. Know the common fatty acids by name and chain length. Also know the omega.
2. Common sense info about omega 3 fatty acids (they are unsaturated ergo will reduce TGs,
myocardial damage, etc.
3. Genetic Defects in FA Catabolism- MCAD Deficiency, don’t need to know symptoms just defect
with Medium Chain catabolism.
4. General classification of enzymes for Beta Oxidation. Recognize enzymes as belonging to beta
oxidation.
5. Know energy “balance sheet”, be able to calculate ATP from a long chain even numbered fatty
acid. Also know that you will get less NADH (and subsequent ATP) from oxidation of a odd chain
FA, but you won’t have to calculate ATP yield from odd chain or unsaturated FAs.
6. Accessory enzymes to oxidize unsaturated fatty acids.
7. Oxidation of FAs in peroxisomes, note differences from mitochondria.
Lipids 2: Fatty Acid Synthesis
1. Know differences between Fatty Acid Oxidation and Synthesis. ALL OF THEM
2. Stages of fatty acid biosynthesis, rate limiting steps general reactions that occur. Know rate
limiting step, etc.
3. Reaction sequence of Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (top slide page 266)
4. Don’t memorize the exact enzymes that are associated with synthesis, but know what types of
enzymes are involved in synthesis versus the types of enzymes involved in oxidation.
5. Know that enzymes for FA synthesis are carried in a globular dimer in humans.
6. Know the ATP Citrate Lyase Reaction. It is therate limiting reaction to cleave citrate in citrate
transport into the mitochondria. Critical regulatory enzyme to generate acetyl CoA for FA
synthesis.
7. Know how to regulate aceyl CoA Carboxylase (ACC) from many different levels. He can use fatty
acid oxidation triggers from other lectures in terms of ACC (For example, how would
epinephrine affect ACC?)
8. Memorize the ACC Phosphorylation slide on page 280. Know every possible way ACC could be
regulated.
9. Recognize the names and know structures of linoleate and linolenate and know that you need
linoleate as a precursor for arachidonate.
Lipids 3: Triacylglycerols
1. Know why you get more energy from fats versus glycogen, glucose, protein.
2. Know how fat is disgested and how Triacylglycerols (TGs) are transported in the blood.
3. Know the ACC slide on page 288 in combination with one on page 280. Know that AMP activates
Protein Kinase A and ATP deactivates PKA. Know actions of insulin vs. glucagon
4. For glycerol pathway, don’t worry about the intermediate pathway, know that glycerol can be
used to make glucose
5. Know that free fatty acids need a CoA before it can be attached to a triglyceride backbone.
Know that the first fatty acid added is saturated and the second one is unsaturated.
6. Know the HMG-CoA lyase reaction. Know that it is the rate limiting step in the formation of
ketone bodies.
7. Utilization of acetoacetate in the heart, brain, muscle and liver.
8. Fate of fatty acyl-CoA and ketone bodies in liver vs. muscle.
9. How is acetoacetate used as an energy source?
10. Summary of Ketone body metabolism.