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TOPIC 3
Energy systems
2
Relationship Between Nutrition, Environment and
Health
External Environment
Religion
Food Security/Insecurity
Culture
Agriculture
Politics
Economics
Education
Health Service
Social Status
Food Security/Insecurity
Nutritional Status
Optimal Nourished
Under-nourished
Over-nourished
Malnourished
Nutritional Requirements
Internal Environment
DNA/RNA
Cells
Organs
Central Nervous System
Metabolism
Blood Circulation
Growth and Development
Pregnancy and Lactation
Sport and Exercise
Elderly
Disease
3.1.1 List the macronutrients and micronutrients.
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Macronutrients are nutrients that provide calories or energy
and are required in large amounts:
Lipid (fat)
 carbohydrate and
 Protein
 Water

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Micronutrients are nutrients required by humans in small
amounts to orchestrate a wide variety of physiological
functions but are not made by the organism
Vitamins
 Minerals
 Fiber

Carbohydrates
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Food Sources Include:
 Cereals
 Sweeteners
 Fruit
 Dairy
 Bread
 Rice
 Grains
Functions:
Fuel for your body
Energy storage
Fat
5
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Food Sources Include:
 Meat
 Dairy Products
 Oil
 Nuts
 Margarine, butter
Functions:
Fuel storage
Hormones
Cell storage
Protein
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Food Sources:
 Meat
Fish
 Eggs
 Cheese
 Milk
 Beans
 Tofu (soy)
Functions:
Structure
Enzymes
Muscle building blocks
Storage
Water
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Food Sources
 Beverages
 Fruits
 Vegetables
Functions:
Excretion
Lubrication
Transport
Medium for Reactions
Vitamins
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Food Sources
 Fruits
 Vegetables
 Fatty Fish
Functions:
Energy release from macronutrients
Immune function
Eyesight
Bone Health
Minerals
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Food Sources:
 Fruits
 Vegetables
 Fatty Fish
 Milk
Functions:
Mineralization of bones and teeth
Blood oxygen transport
Defense against free radicals
Acid base balance
3.1.3 State the chemical composition of a glucose molecule.
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Glucose – monosaccharide
Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen.
It’s chemical formula is C6H12 O6
1:2:1 ratio
3.1.5 Explain how glucose molecules can combine
to form disaccharides and polysaccharides
Carbohydrates
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Monosaccharides have one sugar molecule
 fruits, vegetables and honey
Disaccharides have 2 sugar molecules
 sugar, milk
Polysaccharides have many sugar molecules
 rice, potatoes, corn and wheat
Condensation Reaction
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the linking of a monosaccharide to another
monosaccharide, disaccharide or polysaccharide by
removal of a water molecule
Joule: a unit of energy (just like a calorie). Joule is
the energy obtained from food.
1 calorie = approximately 4 joules
Test Your Knowledge:
14

Place the major CHO sources with the correct
country:
 sweet potato
 maize
 cassava
 wheat
 rice
 potato
3.1.6 State the composition of a molecule of triglycerol

Also known as triglyceride, which is a lipid/fat

consists of a glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains

Stored in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle
Structure of triglycerol.
glycerol
Saturated Fatty
acid
Unsaturated
Fatty acid
3.1.7 Distinguish between saturated and
unsaturated fatty acids
What difference do
you notice between
the two?
Unsaturated vs Saturated Fatty Acids
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Unsaturated
Saturated
Double bonds between
carbon atoms
No double bonds between
carbon atoms
Come from plant based
foods
Come from animal sources
Examples include peanuts, cashew Tropical oils such as coconut and
nuts, rapeseed and sunflower oil, palm oil. Fat in and around meat,
olive oil and avocado
chicken, pork
Liquid at Room
Temperature
Solid at Room Temperature
To Think About: Trans Fat
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
Describe a trans fat.
Why is this harmful?
Should the government have put a ban on foods
with trans fat? Why or why not?
Discuss with your elbow partner.
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Why is Trans Fat Bad?
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3.1.8 State the chemical composition of a protein molecule.
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Protein molecules consist of Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen and Nitrogen.
The smallest part of a protein is called an amino
acid. There are 20 different amino acids
Compose blood tissue, muscle tissue, hormones and
enzymes
3.1.9 Distinguish between an essential and a
nonessential amino acid.
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Essential amino acids NOT synthesized by the
human body and must be obtained by diet
Non-essential amino acids can be synthesized by the
human body
How would this impact a vegetarian?
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3.1.10 Describe current recommendations
for a healthy balanced diet
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Balanced diet: a diet that provides all nutrients in
the right amount in order to maintain health and
prevent nutrient excess or deficiency diseases
Dietary recommendations: recommended amounts
of essential nutrients in the diet
Dietary guidelines: recommended amounts of
foods, food groups or meals
3.1.10 Describe current recommendations for a
healthy balanced diet.
My Plate
Student Thinking Questions
25

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Complete the student thinking questions found in
your student workbook.
Research of dietary recommendations between two
countries of your choice. What are the similarities
and differences between the two countries? Why
do you think there are differences?
3.1.13 State the energy content per 100 g of carbohydrate, lipid and protein.
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Energy in 100 grams:
 Carbohydrate = 1600 J (400 calories)
 Protein = 1700 J (400 calories)
 Fat =3700 J (900 calories)
Both carbohydrates and lipids can be used for
energy storage in humans. Carbohydrates are
usually used for energy storage over short
periods and lipids for long term storage.
Observe the following chart. What do you notice
among the nutrients?
3.1.12 Discuss how the recommended energy distribution of the dietary
macronutrients differs between endurance athletes and non-athletes.
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Using your textbook, complete the chart found on your
student workbook.
“the more glycogen, the further and faster the player
ran”-what does this quote mean to you?
Review your chart—describe what the information means
to you in your daily life? How could you use this
information to better train an athlete?
Carbs

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Endurance Sports –
energy is provided by the muscle and liver
glycogen stores – which directly depend on the
amount of carbohydrates ingested.
Carbohydrates have also been found to prevent the
onset of early muscle fatigue and
hypoglycemia during exercise.
Protein

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The use of body protein in exercise is usually small,
but prolonged exercise in extreme sports can
degrade muscle, hence the need for amino
acids during the recovery phase.
Protein is used to maintain, build, and repair
muscles and connective tissue. Also builds
enzymes and hormones.
3.2.1 Outline the terms metabolism, anabolism, aerobic catabolism and aerobic catabolism .

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Metabolism: All the biochemical reactions that occur
within an organism
Anabolism: Energy requiring reactions whereby small
molecules are built up into larger ones (think about
anabolic steroids)
Catabolism: Chemical reactions that break down complex
organic compounds into simpler ones, with the net
release of energy.

Metabolism = anabolism and catabolism
3.2.2 State what glycogen is and its major storage sites.
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Glycogen comes from the Greek world glykr
meaning “sweet”
Animals store polysaccharides as glycogen in the
liver and muscle.
When the diet provides more glucose than the
tissue requires, your body stores glucose as
glycogen.
3.2.3 State the major sites of triglyceride storage.
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Major storage site of triglycerides are adipose
tissue (fat) and skeletal muscle.
3.2.4 Explain the role of insulin in the formation of glycogen and the accumulation of body fat.
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Insulin is a hormone that informs the body’s cells that
the animal is well fed
Causes liver and muscle cells to take in glucose and
store it in the form of glycogen
Causes fat cells to take in blood lipids and turn them
into triglycerides
3.2.4
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Ingest cabohydrates > increase in blood
glucose > insulin is released by pancreas
After a meal, insulin concentrations rise and cells
uptake glucose thereby decreasing the level of
glucose in the blood
Visual
Exercise and Insulin
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In response to exercise, muscles use glycogen for
energy
Glycogen is stored glucose in the muscle or liver
When you exercise, insulin concentration goes
down
You need to have your glycogen stored! You can use
glucose during long activity but it is not optimal.
You need to replace the glycogen you use immediately
after extended activity (within one hour of activity)!
Visual
3.2.5 Outline the terms glycogenolysis and lipolysis.
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Lysis = a suffix that means to break-down
Glycogenolysis the breakdown of glycogen to glucose.
In the liver, the breakdown of glycogen results in elevated
blood glucose.
The breakdown of muscle glycogen is used by the muscle for
energy. No release of glucose into the blood
Glucagon = the hormone that signals the conversion of stored
glycogen to glucose released into the blood.
Lipolysis
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Lipolysis is the process of releasing triglycerides from
the body’s fat stores
Excess fat is stored in adipose tissue (body fat) and
muscles
During exercise the breakdown of adipose tissue by
glucagon and adrenaline increases blood sugar
Free fatty acids are released into the blood stream and
throughout the body to be used for energy
3.2.6

Glucagon and adrenaline stimulate the breakdown
of glycogen in the liver to increase blood glucose
levels during long periods of exercise and times of
fasting
3.2.7 Explain the role of insulin and muscle
contraction on glucose uptake during exercise.
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Insulin will result in an increased uptake of blood
glucose into the liver and muscle.
Muscle contraction will also result in an increase of
blood glucose uptake from the blood due to higher
energy demands.
3.3.1 Draw a diagram to show the ultrastructure of a generalized animal
cell.
3.3.2 Draw a diagram to show the ultrastructure of a mitochondrion.
3.3.3 Define the term cell respiration.

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The controlled release of energy in the form of ATP
 Glucose
Pyruvate
Aerobic (with oxygen)
 C6H12O6 + O2
ATP + CO2 + H20
 32 ATP produced
Anaerobic (without oxygen)
 Glucose
Pyruvate
Lactate
 2 ATP produced
Compare Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration
Cell and Energy Metabolism
3.3.4 Explain how adenosine can gain and lose a phosphate molecule.
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ATP is made up of adenosine and three phosphate groups
ATP releases a great deal of energy when the phosphate bonds are
broken (ATP
ADP + energy)
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ATP is the energy currency of the cell
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ATP can be created in the human body in three ways
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Using creatine phosphate – a phosphate is donated to the
ADP to create ATP
Anaerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration
ATP
3.3.5 Explain the role of ATP in muscle contraction.
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Muscle contraction requires lots of energy
All muscle fibers have the capacity to produce ATP
using carbohydrates and fats
The release of energy caused by the breakdown of
ATP to ADP provides the energy for muscle
contraction.
In muscle there is sufficient ATP present to allow just
two seconds of muscle activity
ATP in Muscle Contraction
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After the two seconds, the muscle must use ATP from
another source
This energy (ATP) comes from different energy
systems
3.3.6 Describe the re-synthesis of ATP by the
ATP-CP system (creatinine phosphate system)
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Creatine phosphate (a high energy molecule) is
broken down to provide a phosphate molecule for
the re-synthesis of ATP during the initial stages of
exercise
Occurs quickly and is important during hard exercise
Short lived—works for 20 seconds and then you
need another way of getting ATP
Give an example of during what sport you may use
this energy system?
3.3.7 Describe the production of ATP by the lactic
acid system
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Anaerobic glycolysis—the breakdown of glucose to
pyruvate without the use of oxygen. Pyruvate is
then converted into lactic acid, which limits the
amount of ATP produced (2 ATP molecules).
The lactic acid system is generally used for high to
medium intensity activities lasting no longer than 2
minutes.
Lactic acid accumulates in the muscle and causes
discomfort and reduces the ability of muscle to
contract > slow down
3.3.8 Explain the phenomena of oxygen deficit
and oxygen debt
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Oxygen debt now Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption
(EPOC)
These terms refer to a lack of oxygen while training
Oxygen Deficit. While exercising intensely the body is
sometimes unable to fulfill all of its energy needs.
In order to make up the difference without sacrificing the
output, the body must tap into its anaerobic metabolism.
This is where the body goes into a mix of aerobic and
anaerobic energy production.
While not hugely detrimental, oxygen deficits can grow to a
level that the anaerobic energy system cannot cover.
This can cause performance to deteriorate.
Oxygen Debt
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This term describes how the body pays back its debt
incurred above after the exercise is over.
You will notice that even after you have finished
racing you will continue to breath hard.
At this point your body is still trying to repay the
oxygen debt that was created when you were
working hard.
Technically, it is excessive post-exercise oxygen
consumption (EPOC).
Describe the differences between these two diagrams
3.3.9 Describe the production of ATP from glucose and fatty acids by the
aerobic system.
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Within the Mitochondria is the Krebs cycle and
electron transport chain > produce ATP from all
main food groups-usually carbs and fats
Proteins are used for 15 percent of resting energy
metabolism
Fats are broken down by beta oxidation that also
liberates electrons to produce ATP (energy)
3.3.9 Key Points
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
Beginning of exercise:
 anaerobic system that dominates energy provision
 ATP within muscle provides energy for 2 seconds
 Creatine phosphate fades after 20 seconds
 Then lactic acid system dominates but is short lived
 Finally aerobic energy system dominates
 Fats are only used during aerobic activities
A comparison of anaerobic and aerobic glycolysisDraw this in your workbook
3.3.10 Discuss the characteristics of the three energy
systems and their relative contributions during exercise
3.3.11 Evaluate the relative contributions of the three
energy systems during different types of exercise.
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Independent research:
Using the diagrams in your student workbook, your
textbook and the internet, compare the three energy
systems with 3 different types of exercise:
 ATP-PC
 LACTIC ACID
 OXYGEN