Download In 1869, Russia`s Dmitri Mendeleev and Germany`s Lothar Meyer

In 1869, Russia's Dmitri
Mendeleev and Germany's
Lothar Meyer...
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Meyer
Mendeleev
published nearly identical
classification tables for the 63
elements known at the time...
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Meyer
Mendeleev
based on recurring chemical
and physical properties when
elements were arranged...
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Meyer
Mendeleev
in order of increasing
atomic weight.
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Meyer
Mendeleev
Although their observations
were identical, Mendeleev is
given the credit because
he predicted the
existence of
undiscovered
elements and left
spaces for them.
Mendeleev
Mendeleev's table, published in the
journal Annalen der Chemie in 1871.
Mendeleev is
known as the
Father of the
Periodic Table.
And almost no one outside of
Germany knows about Meyer.
In 1913, Henry Moseley
developed the
concept of
atomic numbers.
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Moseley correctly said
that the atomic
number was
equal to the
number of
protons in the
nucleus...
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AND the number
of electrons in
the atom.
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When Moseley arranged
atoms by their
increasing
atomic number,
the few problems
with Mendeleev's
table disappeared.
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In 1945, Glenn Seaborg
proposed pulling the
lanthanide and actinide
series out of
the main body
of elements on
the table.
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Seaborg
Elements on today's periodic
table are arranged by
increasing atomic number...
the lanthanide and
actinide series are separated
from the main body...
f block
AND the d block elements...
separate the
main body elements.
s block
p block
Every element is represented
by a single square.
Each square contains
three things:
1. The chemical symbol
for the element.
If there are two letters,
the first is ALWAYS
a capital letter, and
the second is ALWAYS
a small letter.
1. The chemical symbol
for the element.
The symbols on some tables indicate
the physical state at room temperature.
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Solid
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Liquid
Gas
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2. A whole number representing
the atomic number.
The atomic number is not
always in the same
place on every
periodic table but it is ALWAYS
a whole number.
2. A whole number representing
the atomic number.
The atomic number is defined
as the number of
protons in the atom.
2. A whole number representing
the atomic number.
Normal atoms have an equal
number of protons
and electrons - so,
the atomic number
is also equal to the
electrons in an atom.
2. A whole number representing
the atomic number.
Chemists can change the
number of electrons in
an atom, but they
can NOT change the
number of protons
in an atom.
2. A whole number representing
the atomic number.
Changing the number of
protons changes the
element into another
element - this can
only happen in a
nuclear reaction.
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3. A decimal fraction number
representing the element's
average atomic mass.
3. A decimal fraction number
representing the element's
average atomic mass.
The atomic mass
of an element is
the sum of its
protons and
neutrons.
Atoms of an element all have
the same numbers of protons,
but they can have different
numbers of neutrons.
Hydrogen-1
Hydrogen-2
Hydrogen-3
H
1
1.00794
Atoms of an element all have
the same numbers of protons,
but they can have different
How
many
numbers of neutrons.
neutrons?
Hydrogen-1
Hydrogen-2
Hydrogen-3
H
1
1.00794
Atoms of an element all have
the same numbers of protons,
but they can have different
numbers of neutrons.
0
Hydrogen-1
Hydrogen-2
Hydrogen-3
H
1
1.00794
Atoms of an element all have
the same numbers of protons,
but they can have different
numbers of neutrons.
How many
1
neutrons?
Hydrogen-1
Hydrogen-2
Hydrogen-3
H
1.00794
Atoms of an element all have
the same numbers of protons,
but they can have different
numbers of neutrons.
Hydrogen-1
Hydrogen-2
Hydrogen-3
1
H
1
1.00794
Atoms of an element all have
the same numbers of protons,
but they can have different
numbers of neutrons.
Hydrogen-1
Hydrogen-2
Hydrogen-3
How many 1
neutrons?
H
1.00794
Atoms of an element all have
the same numbers of protons,
but they can have different
numbers of neutrons.
Hydrogen-1
Hydrogen-2
Hydrogen-3
2 H
1
1.00794
Atoms of the same element
with different numbers of
neutrons are called isotopes.
Hydrogen-1
Hydrogen-2
Hydrogen-3
H
1
1.00794
Which of hydrogen's three
isotopes is the most common?
Hydrogen-1
Hydrogen-2
Hydrogen-3
H
1
1.00794
Which of hydrogen's three
isotopes is the most common?
Hydrogen-1
Hydrogen-2
Hydrogen-3
H
1
1.00794
Round off all mass numbers
to the nearest WHOLE number.
Isotopes
More information on
the Periodic Table
The Nobel Gas
Family is
chemically
inactive.
Fluorine is the most
active nonmetal
Francium is the most
active metal
The oxidation number of an
element indicates the number
of electrons gained or lost
when forming compounds.
Elements with positive
oxidation numbers
lose electrons.
Elements with negative
oxidation numbers
gain electrons.
+1
+2
+1, +2, +3
+3
+4 or -4
-3
-2
-1
Electron energy levels, from 1 to 7
Electron energy sublevels
Electron energy sublevel s
Electron energy sublevel p
Electron energy sublevel d
Electron energy sublevel f
Each "pair" of boxes in a sublevel
indicates an orbital.
Vertical columns are Families elements with similar properties.
Alkali Metals
Alkaline Earth Metals
Transition Metals
Rare Earth Metals
Boron Family
Carbon Family
Nitrogen Family
Oxygen Family
Halogen Family
Nobel Gas Family
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The Periodic Table - 27 min
Size of a Molecule
An Electron Configuration shows
the exact location of every electron
in an atom.
With very few exceptions, the
electron configuration of an atom
can be read directly from the Table.