Download AP Biology: Unit 3B Homework

AP Biology: Unit 3B Homework
Chapter 17: From Gene to Protein
1. What is gene expression and what is the central dogma?
2. Compare and contrast the following terms: one gene-one enzyme, and one gene-one
polypeptide
3. What occurs during transcription?
4. What occurs during translation?
5. How does protein synthesis differ in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
6. How did Marshall Nirenberg and Heinrich Matthaei “crack” the genetic code?
7. What is the genetic code and why is it said to be universal?
8. List and describe at least three features of the genetic code.
9. What is the reading frame? What happened when the reading frame is altered?
10. Describe what happens in each of the three stages of transcription: initiation, elongation, and
termination
11. Identify the following in terms of the transcription process: messenger RNA, template strand,
promoter, transcription factors, transcription initiation complex, TATA box, terminator,
transcription unit, RNA polymerase, primary transcript
12. What happens to the transcript RNA before it leaves the nucleus?
13. What is the advantage of the 5’ cap and the poly-A tail?
14. Define the following terms: exons, introns, snRNPs, snRNA, spliceosome, ribozymes
15. Describe how RNA is spliced and why it is done.
16. What does alternative RNA processing do for cells?
17. Describe what happens in each of the three stages of translation: initiation, elongation, and
termination
18. Identify the following in terms of the translation process: transfer RNA, aminoacyl-tRNA
synthetase, ribosomes, codon, anticodon, ribosomal RNA, A site, P site, E site, translocation
19. What is the advantage of polyribosomes?
20. Describe the signal mechanism for targeting a protein to the ER.
21. Define the following mutations: point, missense, nonsense, insertion, deletion, base-pair
substitution, frameshift
Chapter 18: Regulation of Gene Expression
1. What is meant by the phrase “control of gene expression”?
2. Explain how the trp operon regulates the synthesis of tryptophan in bacteria.
3. Describe how a trp operon is an example of a repressible operon.
4. How does the lac operon regulate the digestion of lactose in bacteria?
5. Describe how the lac operon is an inducible operon.
6. How does the presence and absence of glucose influence the lac operon?
7. Identify four locations where regulation of gene expression in eukaryotic cells is possible.
8. Where is the most important step in gene regulation?
9. Describe the effect of each of the following control mechanisms: DNA methylation, histone
acetylation, transcription factors, epigenetic inheritance, control elements, enhancers, activators,
DNA-binding domain
10. How does alternative RNA splicing affect gene expression?
11. How does RNA degradation affect gene expression?
12. How does protein processing and degradation affect gene expression?
13. Describe the role of noncoding RNA in regulation at the following points in the pathway of
gene expression: mRNA translation, chromatic configuration
14. Describe how gene expression leads to cell differentiation during development.
15. Define the following terms: cell differentiation, morphogenesis, cytoplasmic determinants,
induction, determination, pattern formation, positional information
16. Typically what happens to cell function when cells become cancerous?
17. What is a proto-oncogene? What happens to them when cancer occurs?
18. List and briefly describe three events that can turn proto-oncogenes into oncogenes.
19. Describe how a mutation in the ras gene can lead to cancer.
20. What is p53?
21. Why is it said that cancer formation is a multistep process?
Chapter 19: Viruses
1. Are viruses living? Explain
2. List and describe at least three characteristics of viruses.
3. What are the two basic components of any virus?
4. Briefly describe how a virus can only reproduce inside a host cell.
5. Compare and contrast the following terms: lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle
6. What is the role of the viral envelope?
7. How does the reproductive cycle of an enveloped RNA virus differ from a bacteriophage?
8. What are HIV and AIDS? Describe the reproductive cycle of HIV.
9. What is reverse transcriptase and why is it important in biotechnology?
10. What is a vaccine?
11. Where do emerging viruses come from?
12. What is a viroid?
13. What is a prion and why do they do?
Chapters 20: Biotechnology
1. Define the following terms: recombinant DNA, biotechnology, genetic engineering, gene
cloning, plasmid
2. List at least two organisms that have been used in laboratories for genetic modification
experiments and describe why they are good model organisms.
3. Why is DNA cloning considered an important technology?
4. What is the function of restriction enzymes in bacteria?
5. Describe the steps taken to make recombinant DNA.
6. Describe how genes are cloned in bacterial plasmids.
7. How can transformed bacteria that carry genes of interest be identified and isolated from the
majority of non-transformed bacteria?
8. What is a genomic library?
9. How is cDNA different than typical eukaryote DNA?
10. What are BACs and YACs?
11. What is the purpose of polymerase chain reaction?
12. Describe how PCR works.
13. What is gel electrophoresis and what is its purpose?
14. Compare and contrast the following terms: Northern blotting and Southern blotting
15. Describe the Sanger method of DNA sequencing.
16. Describe two ways in which gene function or expression can be studied.
17. Define the following terms: totipotent, stem cell, pluripotent
18. Define the following terms: SNP, RFLP, STR, GM organisms
Chapter 21: Genomes and their Evolution
1. What is genomics and what new field has developed in order to study it?
2. What is the Human Genome Project? Who is J. Craig Venter?
3. How does the three-stage approach to genome sequencing differ from the whole-genome
shotgun approach?
4. What are some centralized resources for analyzing genome sequences? Why are these
important for biologist?
5. How are protein-coding genes identified?
6. What is proteomics?
7. Compare the three domains (Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya) in the following ways: genome
size, number of genes, gene density and noncoding DNA
8. Describe the following types of DNA sequences that are found in the human genomes and
their roles: repetitive DNA, pseudogenes, exons, introns and regulatory sequences, Alu elements
9. What are transposable elements?
10. Define the two types of transposable elements and how they move.
11. Describe the ways in which repetitive DNA can occur.
12. What is a multigene family?
13. Finish the sentence: “Multigene families are hypothesized to have evolved from …”
14. What is the function of the globin multigene family in humans?
15. Describe how duplication of an entire chromosome set contributes to genome evolution.
16. How is the globin multigene family an adaptation for mammals, specifically humans?
17. How can a new gene evolve via exon shuffling?
18. What are the ways in which transposable elements contribute to genome evolution?
19. How would the genomes of closely-related species compare to each other?
20. How is the evolutionary history of two species determined by looking at their genomes?
21. What is evo-devo and why is this quickly becoming a major field of research (what prospects
does it have for helping to understanding evolutionary relationships between organisms)?
22. What is a homeobox and where is it found?
23. What are homeobox genes called in animals and what can they tells us about an animal’s
evolutionary diversity?
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