Download Name Class Date Study guide for biology final Review evolution

Name
Class
Date
Study guide for biology final
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Review evolution
a. Know the basics about how evolution was first “discovered” by scientists. Know about Darwin
and about the Grants’ experiment.
b. Focus on natural selection and understand how it leads to changes in populations over time
c. Understand basic evolutionary terms: population, vestigial structures, homologous structures,
anatomical evidence, fossil evidence, molecular evidence.
d. How do mutations in DNA lead to evolution?
Review genetics
a. Go over all your worksheets
b. What are dominant and recessive traits
c. How to do Punnett squares
d. How Mendel did his experiment
e. What inheritance has to do with the way sex cells are made and passed on (why meiosis leads to
diversity in genetic outcomes)
f. Phenotype and genotype
g. Some genetic disorders we studied
DNA & RNA
a. Know about the Griffith and Avery experiment. Know about Rosalin Franklin, Watson and Crick.
b. Know the 3 components of a DNA molecule
c. Know the structure of DNA
d. Describe how DNA replicates
e. Compare DNA to RNA
f. Trace the path from DNA to protein
g. Understand types of mutations and how they affect the organism
Review the cell cycle
a. Know the stages of the cell cycle
b. Be able to tell about cancer and stem cell research
c. Review mitosis and meiosis
d. Be able to tell them apart
e. Be able to label pictures of each cycle
Review and complete the “What I learned” side of the pre-assessment. Some of these questions will
become essay questions on the final exam.
Bio Exercises for 2nd Semester Final Exam
1. Complete the cell cycle diagram by writing the correct name of a phase on each line.
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2. In the diagram below, the sequence of nucleotides has the code AGCT. Color the diagram using this key:
deoxyribose sugar: red
phosphate group: blue
adenine: yellow
cytosine: green
guanine: orange
thymine: black
3. Circle one complete nucleotide.
4. In DNA,
adenine
is always paired with cytosine.
guanine
uracil
5. In RNA,
uracil
replaces thymine.
cytosine
adenine
6. In DNA,
uracil
is paired with adenine.
thymine
guanine
7. Turn the following words into a paragraph about making a protein from DNA.
cytoplasm
nucleus
enzymes
protein
gene
ribosomes
mRNA
rough ER
transcribed
translation
tRNA
8. Use the information in the diagram of point mutations to complete the concept map below.
Point Mutations
Substitution
9. Which of the following can result in a frameshift mutation? Why?
A. deletion
B. substitution
C. insertion
10. Why is a frameshift mutation more damaging than a substitution?
___
___
11. Which types of mutations can add genes to a chromosome?
12. Which type of mutation can take genes away from a chromosome?
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13. Below is a partially completed flowchart that models how natural selection drives evolution. The missing
steps are listed below, out of order, and lettered A–D. Write the letter of the missing step in a blank box in the
flowchart.
A. Adaptations are passed on to the next generation.
B. The accumulation of adaptations may lead to the evolution of a new species.
C. These offspring have few or no offspring of their own.
D. Some offspring inherit traits that increase fitness (adaptations).
Individuals in a population have many
variations.
Some offspring inherit traits that
decrease fitness.
Over time, adaptations accumulate in a
population.
Use the clues and words to help you write the vocabulary terms from the chapter in the blanks. You may
use a word once, more than once, or not at all.
artificial selection
vestigial structure
1.
adaptation
evolution
natural selection
homologous structure
is the study of how living things change over time.
2. is when nature determines the variety of traits, but humans pick which traits are desirable.
3. An inheritable characteristic that increases an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce is called a(n)
.
4. The eyes of a blind cavefish are an example of a
5. Who developed the theory of evolution that includes natural selection?
.
.
7. Use the Venn diagram to compare artificial selection and natural selection.
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8. Complete the concept map.
Evidence for
Evolution
includes
experiments of
natural selection
in nature
The geographic
distribution of
living species
1. Give an example of two homologous body structures.
2. What is the difference between a homologous structure and an analogous structure?
3. How have advances in molecular biology provided evidence for evolution?
Complete the linear concept maps using the terms below. All the terms will not be used.
cancer
4.
5.
cell cycle
During the
a
causes
cytokinesis
cell grows, prepares for division, and divides.
cells
to divide
uncontrollably.
Comparing Meiosis and Mitosis
For Questions 22–27, complete each statement by writing the correct word or words.
22. A diploid cell that enters mitosis with 16 chromosomes will divide to produce
daughter cells. Each of these daughter cells will have
chromosomes.
23. If the diploid number of chromosomes for an organism is 16, each daughter cell after mitosis will contain
chromosomes.
24. A diploid cell that enters meiosis with 16 chromosomes will pass through
divisions, producing
daughter cells, each with
chromosomes.
25. Gametes have a
cell
number of chromosomes.
26. If an organism’s haploid number is 5, its diploid number is
.
27. While a haploid number of chromosomes may be even or odd, a diploid number is always
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21. Complete the table to compare meiosis and mitosis.
Mitosis
Meiosis
Form of reproduction
Number of daughter cells
Change in chromosome number
Number of cell divisions
Difference in alleles between
parent cell and daughter cells
Use the clues and words to help you write the vocabulary terms in the blanks.
cancer
mitosis
interphase
cytokinesis
1. Division of the cell nucleus
___ _______
2. Division of the cytoplasm of a cell
___
_______
3. Phase in which the cell grows and prepares for division
___
_______
Write the name of each phase on the line below the diagram.
A.
B.
C.
D.
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For Questions 8–13, on the lines provided, label the parts of the DNA molecule that correspond to the
numbers in the diagram. Use the following terms: phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, nucleotide, hydrogen
bond, base pairs, and nitrogenous base.
1. Label the DNA
polymerase molecules on
the picture.
2. What is their function of
DNA polymerase?
Complete the table to contrast the structures of DNA and RNA.
Sugar
Number of Strands
Bases
DNA
RNA
Use the words below to complete the paragraph about protein synthesis:
A section of DNA that codes for a trait is called a _______________________
enzymes
and is located in the _____________________ of the cell. This section is copied
gene
through a process called _________________. The copying is catalyzed using
mRNA
special molecules called _____________________ to make a single strand of
nucleus
______________ for export. Then this strand is processed and goes to the
protein
cytoplasm or rough ER where there are small organelles called
ribosomes
_________________ make polypeptides. This making of polypeptides is called
transcribed
_______________. To make the polypeptide, small carrier molecules called
translation
____________ bring single amino acids together until they form a polypeptide.
tRNA
This polypeptide will be built into a _______________ for use by the cell or for
export out of the cell.
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Use the diagram to answer Questions 1–7.
1. What are the words along the outside of the circle? ____________________________
2. What can you find by reading this diagram from the inside out?
3. For which amino acid is AAA a codon?_________________
4. What is the codon for tryptophan?
5. For which amino acid is GGA a codon?
6. What is a codon for alanine?
In the space provided, fill in the missing genotypes. In this example, T = tall and t = short.
t
T
1.
2.
T
4.
3.
Tt
7
2.
1.
3.
Tt
5.
4.
6.
Tt
If two heterozygous plants create four offspring, how many do you predict would be tall? _______
How many do you predict would be short?____________
Suppose that the water in a pond gets darker over a period of four years. The diagrams and table
below show what might happen to a frog population living in the pond.
Use the diagrams below to complete the table.
Year 1
Year 2
Year 4
Year 3
Adaptations of Frog Populations Over Time
Year
Light-Colored Frogs
1
6
Dark-Colored Frogs
2
3
4
1. In which year was the number of light-colored frogs greater than the number of dark-colored frogs?
2. How did the numbers of light- and dark-colored frogs change over time?
3. Which adaptation is best suited to life in the pond in Year 3? Circle the answer.
light coloring
dark coloring
4. How do the dark-colored frogs show “survival of the fittest”?
5. How is natural selection different from artificial selection?
Answer the question.
Suppose an organism’s heart cells have 10 chromosomes. How many chromosomes will its egg cells have?
_________________ How many chromosomes does its sperm cells have?_______________ How many
chromosomes will its stomach cells have?_________________
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