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Download Name Class Date Study guide for biology final Review evolution
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Name Class Date Study guide for biology final 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Review evolution a. Know the basics about how evolution was first “discovered” by scientists. Know about Darwin and about the Grants’ experiment. b. Focus on natural selection and understand how it leads to changes in populations over time c. Understand basic evolutionary terms: population, vestigial structures, homologous structures, anatomical evidence, fossil evidence, molecular evidence. d. How do mutations in DNA lead to evolution? Review genetics a. Go over all your worksheets b. What are dominant and recessive traits c. How to do Punnett squares d. How Mendel did his experiment e. What inheritance has to do with the way sex cells are made and passed on (why meiosis leads to diversity in genetic outcomes) f. Phenotype and genotype g. Some genetic disorders we studied DNA & RNA a. Know about the Griffith and Avery experiment. Know about Rosalin Franklin, Watson and Crick. b. Know the 3 components of a DNA molecule c. Know the structure of DNA d. Describe how DNA replicates e. Compare DNA to RNA f. Trace the path from DNA to protein g. Understand types of mutations and how they affect the organism Review the cell cycle a. Know the stages of the cell cycle b. Be able to tell about cancer and stem cell research c. Review mitosis and meiosis d. Be able to tell them apart e. Be able to label pictures of each cycle Review and complete the “What I learned” side of the pre-assessment. Some of these questions will become essay questions on the final exam. Bio Exercises for 2nd Semester Final Exam 1. Complete the cell cycle diagram by writing the correct name of a phase on each line. 1 2. In the diagram below, the sequence of nucleotides has the code AGCT. Color the diagram using this key: deoxyribose sugar: red phosphate group: blue adenine: yellow cytosine: green guanine: orange thymine: black 3. Circle one complete nucleotide. 4. In DNA, adenine is always paired with cytosine. guanine uracil 5. In RNA, uracil replaces thymine. cytosine adenine 6. In DNA, uracil is paired with adenine. thymine guanine 7. Turn the following words into a paragraph about making a protein from DNA. cytoplasm nucleus enzymes protein gene ribosomes mRNA rough ER transcribed translation tRNA 8. Use the information in the diagram of point mutations to complete the concept map below. Point Mutations Substitution 9. Which of the following can result in a frameshift mutation? Why? A. deletion B. substitution C. insertion 10. Why is a frameshift mutation more damaging than a substitution? ___ ___ 11. Which types of mutations can add genes to a chromosome? 12. Which type of mutation can take genes away from a chromosome? 2 13. Below is a partially completed flowchart that models how natural selection drives evolution. The missing steps are listed below, out of order, and lettered A–D. Write the letter of the missing step in a blank box in the flowchart. A. Adaptations are passed on to the next generation. B. The accumulation of adaptations may lead to the evolution of a new species. C. These offspring have few or no offspring of their own. D. Some offspring inherit traits that increase fitness (adaptations). Individuals in a population have many variations. Some offspring inherit traits that decrease fitness. Over time, adaptations accumulate in a population. Use the clues and words to help you write the vocabulary terms from the chapter in the blanks. You may use a word once, more than once, or not at all. artificial selection vestigial structure 1. adaptation evolution natural selection homologous structure is the study of how living things change over time. 2. is when nature determines the variety of traits, but humans pick which traits are desirable. 3. An inheritable characteristic that increases an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce is called a(n) . 4. The eyes of a blind cavefish are an example of a 5. Who developed the theory of evolution that includes natural selection? . . 7. Use the Venn diagram to compare artificial selection and natural selection. 3 8. Complete the concept map. Evidence for Evolution includes experiments of natural selection in nature The geographic distribution of living species 1. Give an example of two homologous body structures. 2. What is the difference between a homologous structure and an analogous structure? 3. How have advances in molecular biology provided evidence for evolution? Complete the linear concept maps using the terms below. All the terms will not be used. cancer 4. 5. cell cycle During the a causes cytokinesis cell grows, prepares for division, and divides. cells to divide uncontrollably. Comparing Meiosis and Mitosis For Questions 22–27, complete each statement by writing the correct word or words. 22. A diploid cell that enters mitosis with 16 chromosomes will divide to produce daughter cells. Each of these daughter cells will have chromosomes. 23. If the diploid number of chromosomes for an organism is 16, each daughter cell after mitosis will contain chromosomes. 24. A diploid cell that enters meiosis with 16 chromosomes will pass through divisions, producing daughter cells, each with chromosomes. 25. Gametes have a cell number of chromosomes. 26. If an organism’s haploid number is 5, its diploid number is . 27. While a haploid number of chromosomes may be even or odd, a diploid number is always 4 21. Complete the table to compare meiosis and mitosis. Mitosis Meiosis Form of reproduction Number of daughter cells Change in chromosome number Number of cell divisions Difference in alleles between parent cell and daughter cells Use the clues and words to help you write the vocabulary terms in the blanks. cancer mitosis interphase cytokinesis 1. Division of the cell nucleus ___ _______ 2. Division of the cytoplasm of a cell ___ _______ 3. Phase in which the cell grows and prepares for division ___ _______ Write the name of each phase on the line below the diagram. A. B. C. D. 5 For Questions 8–13, on the lines provided, label the parts of the DNA molecule that correspond to the numbers in the diagram. Use the following terms: phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, nucleotide, hydrogen bond, base pairs, and nitrogenous base. 1. Label the DNA polymerase molecules on the picture. 2. What is their function of DNA polymerase? Complete the table to contrast the structures of DNA and RNA. Sugar Number of Strands Bases DNA RNA Use the words below to complete the paragraph about protein synthesis: A section of DNA that codes for a trait is called a _______________________ enzymes and is located in the _____________________ of the cell. This section is copied gene through a process called _________________. The copying is catalyzed using mRNA special molecules called _____________________ to make a single strand of nucleus ______________ for export. Then this strand is processed and goes to the protein cytoplasm or rough ER where there are small organelles called ribosomes _________________ make polypeptides. This making of polypeptides is called transcribed _______________. To make the polypeptide, small carrier molecules called translation ____________ bring single amino acids together until they form a polypeptide. tRNA This polypeptide will be built into a _______________ for use by the cell or for export out of the cell. 6 Use the diagram to answer Questions 1–7. 1. What are the words along the outside of the circle? ____________________________ 2. What can you find by reading this diagram from the inside out? 3. For which amino acid is AAA a codon?_________________ 4. What is the codon for tryptophan? 5. For which amino acid is GGA a codon? 6. What is a codon for alanine? In the space provided, fill in the missing genotypes. In this example, T = tall and t = short. t T 1. 2. T 4. 3. Tt 7 2. 1. 3. Tt 5. 4. 6. Tt If two heterozygous plants create four offspring, how many do you predict would be tall? _______ How many do you predict would be short?____________ Suppose that the water in a pond gets darker over a period of four years. The diagrams and table below show what might happen to a frog population living in the pond. Use the diagrams below to complete the table. Year 1 Year 2 Year 4 Year 3 Adaptations of Frog Populations Over Time Year Light-Colored Frogs 1 6 Dark-Colored Frogs 2 3 4 1. In which year was the number of light-colored frogs greater than the number of dark-colored frogs? 2. How did the numbers of light- and dark-colored frogs change over time? 3. Which adaptation is best suited to life in the pond in Year 3? Circle the answer. light coloring dark coloring 4. How do the dark-colored frogs show “survival of the fittest”? 5. How is natural selection different from artificial selection? Answer the question. Suppose an organism’s heart cells have 10 chromosomes. How many chromosomes will its egg cells have? _________________ How many chromosomes does its sperm cells have?_______________ How many chromosomes will its stomach cells have?_________________ 8